Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA.
Parasitology. 2022 Nov;149(13):1667-1678. doi: 10.1017/S0031182022001378. Epub 2022 Oct 6.
Transmission mode is a key factor that influences host–parasite coevolution. Vector-borne pathogens are among the most important disease agents for humans and wildlife due to their broad distribution, high diversity, prevalence and lethality. They comprise some of the most important and widespread human pathogens, such as yellow fever, leishmania and malaria. Vector-borne parasites (in this review, those transmitted by blood-feeding Diptera) follow unique transmission routes towards their vertebrate hosts. Consequently, each part of this tri-partite (i.e. parasite, vector and host) interaction can influence co- and counter-evolutionary pressures among antagonists. This mode of transmission may favour the evolution of greater virulence to the vertebrate host; however, pathogen–vector interactions can also have a broad spectrum of fitness costs to the insect vector. To complete their life cycle, vector-borne pathogens must overcome immune responses from 2 unrelated organisms, since they can activate responses in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, possibly creating a trade-off between investments against both types of immunity. Here, we assess how dipteran vector-borne transmission shapes the evolution of hosts, vectors and the pathogens themselves. Hosts, vectors and pathogens co-evolve together in a constant antagonistic arms race with each participant's primary goal being to maximize its performance and fitness.
传播模式是影响宿主-寄生虫共同进化的关键因素。由于其广泛的分布、高度的多样性、普遍性和致命性，虫媒病原体是人类和野生动物最重要的疾病因子之一。它们包括一些最重要和最广泛的人类病原体，如黄热病、利什曼原虫和疟疾。虫媒寄生虫（在本综述中，指通过吸血双翅目传播的寄生虫）遵循独特的传播途径向其脊椎动物宿主传播。因此，这种三方相互作用（即寄生虫、媒介和宿主）的每一部分都可以影响对抗者之间的共同和反进化压力。这种传播方式可能有利于脊椎动物宿主的毒力进化；然而，病原体-媒介的相互作用也可能对昆虫媒介产生广泛的适应度代价。为了完成它们的生命周期，虫媒病原体必须克服来自 2 种不相关的生物体的免疫反应，因为它们可以在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物宿主中激活反应，可能在这两种类型的免疫之间产生一种权衡。在这里，我们评估了双翅目虫媒传播如何塑造宿主、媒介和病原体本身的进化。宿主、媒介和病原体在不断的对抗性军备竞赛中共同进化，每个参与者的主要目标都是最大限度地提高其性能和适应性。
