Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
Department of Agri-Food Economics and Marketing, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
BMJ Open. 2022 Oct 7;12(10):e062254. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062254.
Sales of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) and beverages are rising in low-income and middle-income countries. Such foods are often linked with weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension-diseases that are on the rise in India. This paper analysed patterns in purchases of processed and UPF by urban Indian households.
Panel data from Kantar -Worldpanel Division, India for 2013 and 2016.
58 878 urban Indian households.
We used K-mean partition clustering and multivariate regression to analyse patterns in processed food (PF) and UPF purchase for urban India.
Three-quarters of urban Indian households purchased over ten PF groups. Mean per person annual PF purchase was 150 kg. UPF purchase was low at 6.4 kg in 2016 but had grown by 6% since 2013. Cluster analysis identified three patterns of consumption, characterised by low (54% of the households in 2016), medium (36%) and high (10%) PF purchase quantities. High cluster households purchased over three times as much PFs and UPF as the low cluster households. Notably, salt purchases were persistently high across clusters in both years (>3.3 kg), while sweet snack and ready-to-eat food purchases grew consistently in all clusters between 2013 and 2016. A positive and significant association was found between household purchases of UPF and their socioeconomic status as well as ownership of durables, such as refrigerator, colour television and washing machine (all p<0.001). Spatial characteristics including size of town (p<0.05) in which the household is located were also positively associated with the purchase of UPF.
Results suggest the need for tailored regional and city level interventions to curb the low but growing purchase of UPF. New data on obesity and rise of non-communicable diseases, the results are concerning given the links between lifestyle changes and the speed of urbanisation in Indian cities.
超加工食品（UPF）和饮料在低收入和中等收入国家的销售额正在上升。这些食品通常与体重增加、肥胖、2 型糖尿病和高血压有关——这些疾病在印度呈上升趋势。本文分析了印度城市家庭购买加工食品和 UPF 的模式。
2013 年和 2016 年印度 Kantar-Worldpanel 分部的面板数据。
58878 户印度城市家庭。
我们使用 K-均值分区聚类和多元回归分析来分析印度城市加工食品（PF）和 UPF 购买模式。
四分之三的印度城市家庭购买了十种以上的 PF 组。人均年 PF 购买量为 150 公斤。2016 年 UPF 的购买量较低，为 6.4 公斤，但自 2013 年以来增长了 6%。聚类分析确定了三种消费模式，特征是低（2016 年的 54%）、中（36%）和高（10%）PF 购买量。高聚类家庭购买的 PF 和 UPF 是低聚类家庭的三倍多。值得注意的是，在这两年中，所有聚类的盐购买量都一直很高（>3.3 公斤），而甜零食和即食食品的购买量在 2013 年至 2016 年间在所有聚类中持续增长。发现家庭对 UPF 的购买与他们的社会经济地位以及对冰箱、彩电和洗衣机等耐用品的拥有量之间存在正相关和显著关联（均 p<0.001）。家庭所在城镇的大小（p<0.05）等空间特征也与 UPF 的购买呈正相关。
结果表明，需要针对不同地区和城市制定干预措施，以遏制 UPF 购买量的低增长。新的数据显示肥胖和非传染性疾病的上升，考虑到生活方式的改变与印度城市的城市化速度之间的联系，结果令人担忧。
