Electrochemical Engine Center (ECEC) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
EC Power, State College, PA, USA.
Nature. 2022 Nov;611(7936):485-490. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05281-0. Epub 2022 Oct 12.
Lithium-ion batteries with nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and graphite anodes have reached specific energies of 250-300 Wh kg (refs. ), and it is now possible to build a 90 kWh electric vehicle (EV) pack with a 300-mile cruise range. Unfortunately, using such massive batteries to alleviate range anxiety is ineffective for mainstream EV adoption owing to the limited raw resource supply and prohibitively high cost. Ten-minute fast charging enables downsizing of EV batteries for both affordability and sustainability, without causing range anxiety. However, fast charging of energy-dense batteries (more than 250 Wh kg or higher than 4 mAh cm) remains a great challenge. Here we combine a material-agnostic approach based on asymmetric temperature modulation with a thermally stable dual-salt electrolyte to achieve charging of a 265 Wh kg battery to 75% (or 70%) state of charge in 12 (or 11) minutes for more than 900 (or 2,000) cycles. This is equivalent to a half million mile range in which every charge is a fast charge. Further, we build a digital twin of such a battery pack to assess its cooling and safety and demonstrate that thermally modulated 4C charging only requires air convection. This offers a compact and intrinsically safe route to cell-to-pack development. The rapid thermal modulation method to yield highly active electrochemical interfaces only during fast charging has important potential to realize both stability and fast charging of next-generation materials, including anodes like silicon and lithium metal.
具有富镍层状氧化物正极和石墨负极的锂离子电池的比能量已达到 250-300Wh/kg（参考文献），现在已经可以制造出一款具有 300 英里续航里程的 90kWh 电动汽车（EV）电池组。不幸的是，由于有限的原始资源供应和过高的成本，使用如此庞大的电池组来缓解里程焦虑对于主流电动汽车的采用来说是无效的。十分钟的快速充电可以使电动汽车电池组缩小尺寸，从而降低成本和提高可持续性，而不会引起里程焦虑。然而，对能量密度高的电池（超过 250Wh/kg 或高于 4mAh/cm）进行快速充电仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这里，我们结合了一种基于非对称温度调制的材料无关方法和一种热稳定的双盐电解质，实现了对 265Wh/kg 电池的充电，在 12 分钟（或 11 分钟）内可将电池充电至 75%（或 70%）的荷电状态，循环次数超过 900 次（或 2000 次）。这相当于 50 万英里的续航里程，每次充电都是快速充电。此外，我们构建了这样一个电池组的数字孪生体来评估其冷却和安全性，并证明热调节 4C 充电仅需要空气对流。这为电池组的开发提供了一种紧凑且本质安全的途径。这种快速热调制方法仅在快速充电期间产生高活性的电化学界面，对于实现下一代材料（包括硅和锂金属等阳极）的稳定性和快速充电具有重要的潜在应用。
