Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berngrid.5734.5, Bern, Switzerland.
SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022 Nov 8;88(21):e0114622. doi: 10.1128/aem.01146-22. Epub 2022 Oct 13.
Members of the family, particularly those of the genus Staphylococcus, encompass important human and animal pathogens. We collected and characterized strains from apparently healthy and diseased camels ( = 84) and cattle ( = 7) in Somalia and Kenya. We phenotypically characterized the strains, including their antimicrobial inhibitory concentrations. Then, we sequenced their genomes using long-read sequencing, closed their genomes, and subsequently compared and mapped their virulence- and resistance-associated gene pools. Genome-based phylogenetics revealed 13 known and at least two novel species. East African strains of different species encompassed novel sequence types and phylogenetically distant clades. About one-third of the strains had non-wild-type MICs. They were resistant to at least one of the following antimicrobials: tetracycline, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, or streptomycin, encoded by (K), /, /, /, , , , and , respectively. We identified the first methicillin- and multidrug-resistant camel S. epidermidis strain of sequence type (ST) 1136 in East Africa. The pool of virulence-encoding genes was largest in the S. aureus strains, as expected, although other rather commensal strains contained distinct virulence-encoding genes. We identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems such as the and families, reported here for the first time for certain species of . All strains contained at least one intact prophage sequence, mainly belonging to the family. We pinpointed potential horizontal gene transfers between camel and cattle strains and also across distinct clades and species. Camels are a high value and crucial livestock species in arid and semiarid regions of Africa and gain importance giving the impact of climate change on traditional livestock species. Our current knowledge with respect to infecting camels is very limited compared to that for other livestock species. Better knowledge will foster the development of specific diagnostic assays, guide promising antimicrobial treatment options, and inform about potential zoonotic risks. We characterized 84 strains isolated from camels with respect to their antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits. We detected potentially novel Staphylococcus species, resistances to different classes of antimicrobials, and the first camel multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis strain of sequence type 1136.
家族成员，特别是葡萄球菌属的成员，包括重要的人类和动物病原体。我们从索马里和肯尼亚的健康和患病骆驼（=84）和牛（=7）中收集并鉴定了 株。我们对这些菌株进行了表型特征分析，包括它们的抗生素抑制浓度。然后，我们使用长读测序对它们的基因组进行测序，关闭它们的基因组，随后比较和映射它们的毒力和耐药相关基因库。基于基因组的系统发育分析揭示了 13 种已知和至少两种新型物种。来自不同物种的东非菌株包含新的序列类型和系统发育上遥远的分支。大约三分之一的菌株的 MIC 值是非野生型的。它们对以下至少一种抗生素具有耐药性：四环素、苄青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶、庆大霉素或链霉素，分别由（K）、/、/、/、、、和编码。我们在东非鉴定了第一株耐甲氧西林和多药耐药的骆驼表皮葡萄球菌 ST1136 菌株。毒力基因库在金黄色葡萄球菌株中最大，这是意料之中的，尽管其他相对共生的菌株也含有不同的毒力基因。我们鉴定了毒素-抗毒素（TA）系统，如 和 家族，这是首次在某些 物种中报道。所有菌株都至少含有一个完整的前噬菌体序列，主要属于 家族。我们确定了骆驼和牛菌株之间以及不同 分支和物种之间的潜在水平基因转移。骆驼是非洲干旱和半干旱地区高价值和关键的牲畜物种，由于气候变化对传统牲畜物种的影响，它们变得更加重要。与其他牲畜物种相比，我们目前对感染骆驼的知识非常有限。更好的了解将促进特定诊断检测方法的开发，指导有前途的抗生素治疗选择，并告知潜在的人畜共患病风险。我们对从骆驼中分离的 84 株进行了抗生素耐药性和毒力特征分析。我们检测到了潜在的新型葡萄球菌物种、对不同类别的抗生素的耐药性，以及首个骆驼耐多药表皮葡萄球菌 ST1136 型菌株。
