Zhong Yao-Zhao, Chien Hwa, Chang Huan-Meng, Cheng Hao-Yuan
College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Sep 23;22(19):7210. doi: 10.3390/s22197210.
Real-time, continuous, and long-term marine monitoring data benefits ocean research. This study developed a low-cost, multi-parameter, miniature wave buoy. High spatial and temporal resolution of sea surface parameters, including wind, waves, and current, can be obtained at low cost through the deployment of numerous buoys, thus forming an observation array. Tested in the laboratory water tank, the relative error of water surface slope measurement of the buoy was approximately 5.6% when the slope angle was less than 15°. For frequencies between 0.1 and 1.0 Hz, the measurement of slope spectrum was almost identical to that of the wave gauge. The buoy underestimated the slope spectrum between 1.0−1.56 Hz. A good relationship (r2 = 0.75) was obtained between wind speed at 10 m above sea surface (U10) and the low-pass-filtered mean square slope (LPMSS). After incorporating the wave age into the U10 inversion process, the root mean square error (RMSE) and BIAS were reduced to 1.15 m/s and 0.02 m/s, respectively. The 2D distribution of buoy-measured slope components was used to detect the wind direction, with an RMSE of 23.7°. The spectral tail slope steepened with increasing wind speed at low wind speeds (<7 m/s). A technical flow chart of the miniature wave buoy is proposed to observe the sea surface parameters. This miniature buoy will play an essential complementary role in the growing demand for sea state monitoring, especially in nearshore oceans.
实时、连续和长期的海洋监测数据有利于海洋研究。本研究开发了一种低成本、多参数的微型波浪浮标。通过部署大量浮标，可以低成本获取海面参数（包括风、浪和流）的高空间和时间分辨率，从而形成一个观测阵列。在实验室水箱中进行测试时，当坡度角小于15°时，浮标水面坡度测量的相对误差约为5.6%。对于0.1至1.0 Hz的频率，坡度谱的测量结果与测波仪几乎相同。浮标低估了1.0−1.56 Hz之间的坡度谱。海面10米高处的风速（U10）与低通滤波后的均方坡度（LPMSS）之间存在良好的关系（r2 = 0.75）。在U10反演过程中纳入波龄后，均方根误差（RMSE）和偏差分别降至1.15 m/s和0.02 m/s。利用浮标测量的坡度分量的二维分布来检测风向，RMSE为23.7°。在低风速（<7 m/s）下，谱尾斜率随风速增加而变陡。提出了微型波浪浮标观测海面参数的技术流程图。这种微型浮标将在日益增长的海况监测需求中发挥重要的补充作用，特别是在近岸海洋。
