Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2023 Dec;24(5):3346-3362. doi: 10.1177/15248380221127255. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
Sexual harassment is a pervasive form of gender-based violence that has negative social and health impacts, yet there is only limited research available on sexual harassment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to better understand how participants across a variety of countries and settings conceptualized sexual harassment and to investigate its causal factors, consequences, coping strategies, and recommendations for prevention and interventions. We searched eight databases and included English language qualitative studies published from 1990 until June 2021 if they mentioned sexual harassment in LMICs and included female or male participants aged 12 and older. This resulted in 34 included studies. Overall, this review established that sexual harassment was salient in participants' lives, yet their conceptualizations of sexual harassment varied widely and were strongly influenced by contextual and sociocultural factors. Overall, our review has highlighted (1) the conflation of sexual harassment and sexual violence, (2) the intersections of gendered power with other hierarchies of authority, age, and socio-economic status and how the role of power is different in street versus educational and workplace settings, (3) the patriarchal norms, gender inequalities, and normalization of gender-based violence that enable sexual harassment and silence those affected by it, (4) the varied expectations of how women should cope with sexual harassment in order for their experiences to be validated, and (5) the need for gender norms change and fair and effective policies in order to not only prevent sexual harassment but also address the underlying causes.
性骚扰是一种普遍存在的性别暴力形式，对社会和健康都有负面影响，但关于中低收入国家（LMICs）性骚扰的研究却很有限。本定性系统综述的目的是更好地了解不同国家和背景下的参与者如何概念化性骚扰，并探讨其因果因素、后果、应对策略以及预防和干预措施的建议。我们搜索了八个数据库，纳入了自 1990 年至 2021 年 6 月发表的、提到 LMICs 中性骚扰的英语语言定性研究，如果研究纳入了年龄在 12 岁及以上的女性或男性参与者。这导致了 34 项纳入的研究。总的来说，这项综述表明性骚扰在参与者的生活中很突出，但他们对性骚扰的概念化差异很大，受到背景和社会文化因素的强烈影响。总的来说，我们的综述强调了以下几点：（1）性骚扰和性暴力的混淆；（2）性别权力与其他权力、年龄和社会经济地位的等级制度的交叉，以及权力在街头与教育和工作场所的不同作用；（3）允许性骚扰发生和使受其影响的人保持沉默的家长制规范、性别不平等和性别暴力正常化；（4）女性应该如何应对性骚扰的各种期望，以便她们的经历得到验证；（5）需要改变性别规范和公平有效的政策，不仅要预防性骚扰，还要解决其根本原因。
