Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2022 Dec;176:52-66. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.10.002. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
Bone consists of organic (mostly collagen) and inorganic (mostly bioapatite mineral) components that are organized into hierarchical structures from nano-to macro-scales that provide load-bearing functions. The structures and properties of bone are affected by bone remodeling activities, which are affected by mechanotransduction, a process through which mechanical signals are converted to biochemical signals in cellular signaling. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique can be used to characterize the surface morphology and mechanical properties of the specimens and can achieve atomic resolution in the resulting images. Therefore, the AFM technique has been applied in bone research and has provided new understandings of the structures and properties of hierarchical structures in bone across multiple length scales. This review begins by introducing the tip-surface interactions and the operation modes of AFM, including the recently developed sub-resonance modes, including PeakForce Tapping mode. Then the contact adhesion theories used in analyzing AFM data are reviewed, followed by a systematic review of the applications of the AFM technique to bone and bone-related tissues and cells, including surface morphology imaging, contact indentation testing, and other mechanical tests. The applications of sub-resonance tapping mode to bone and other biological molecules, cells, and tissues are also reviewed.
骨由有机（主要是胶原）和无机（主要是生物活性玻璃矿物）成分组成，这些成分从纳米到宏观尺度组织成层次结构，提供承载功能。骨的结构和性能受骨重建活动的影响，而骨重建活动又受机械转导的影响，机械转导是一种将机械信号转换为细胞信号传导中生化信号的过程。原子力显微镜（AFM）技术可用于表征样品的表面形态和力学性能，并可在所得图像中实现原子分辨率。因此，AFM 技术已应用于骨研究，并为骨的层次结构的结构和性能提供了新的认识。本综述首先介绍了针尖-表面相互作用和 AFM 的操作模式，包括最近开发的亚共振模式，包括 PeakForce Tapping 模式。然后回顾了用于分析 AFM 数据的接触粘附理论，接着系统地回顾了 AFM 技术在骨和骨相关组织和细胞中的应用，包括表面形态成像、接触压痕测试和其他力学测试。还回顾了亚共振敲击模式在骨和其他生物分子、细胞和组织中的应用。
