Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Giuseppe Campi, 287 41125 Modena, Italy; Department of Aerospace Vehicles Design and Control, ISAE-SUPAERO, 10 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France.
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2022 Dec;182:129-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.004. Epub 2022 Oct 18.
The present study was designed to test the impact of frame manipulations on the decision-making of responders playing the ultimatum game. Experiment 1 investigated responders' event-related potentials (ERPs) measured in response to the offers as a function of the frame (i.e., negative: "the proposer keeps" versus positive: "the proposer offers"). While no difference in acceptation rate was found as a function of the offer's frame, electrophysiological results suggest that the stronger negative affective response to the offers in the negative frame (N400) was successfully reappraised by the responders (P600), possibly explaining why the offer frame manipulation did not modulate acceptation rates. No framing effect was found when the ultimatum game was played in its one-shot version (Experiment 2), suggesting that repeated measurements did not affect responders' behavior. However, an offer framing effect was found in female (but not in male) responders, when the complexity of the game statement increased, presumably recruiting more cognitive resources and taxing the reappraisal process (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results suggest that framing manipulations are associated with complex affective and cognitive processes, supporting the cognitive-affective tradeoff model.
本研究旨在测试框架操纵对玩最后通牒游戏的应答者决策的影响。实验 1 调查了应答者的事件相关电位 (ERPs)，这些电位是对提议的反应，作为框架的函数（即负面：“提议者保留”与正面：“提议者提供”）。虽然接受率与提议的框架无关，但电生理结果表明，在负面框架下，对提议的更强的负面情感反应（N400）被应答者成功地重新评估（P600），这可能解释了为什么提议的框架操纵没有调节接受率。当最后通牒游戏以单次版本进行时（实验 2），没有发现框架效应，这表明重复测量没有影响应答者的行为。然而，当游戏陈述的复杂性增加时，在女性（但不是男性）应答者中发现了提供框架效应，这可能是因为需要更多的认知资源，并对重新评估过程提出了挑战（实验 3）。综上所述，这些结果表明，框架操纵与复杂的情感和认知过程有关，支持认知-情感权衡模型。
