Integrated Biological Control Using a Mixture of Two Entomopathogenic Bacteria, and , against and Other Congeners.

Insect immunity defends against the virulence of various entomopathogens, including (Bt). This study tested a hypothesis that any suppression of immune responses enhances Bt virulence. In a previous study, the entomopathogenic bacterium, (Xh), was shown to produce secondary metabolites to suppress insect immune responses. Indeed, the addition of Xh culture broth (XhE) significantly enhanced the insecticidal activity of Bt against . To analyze the virulence enhanced by the addition of Xh metabolites, four bacterial secondary metabolites were individually added to the Bt treatment. Each metabolite significantly enhanced the Bt insecticidal activity, along with significant suppression of the induced immune responses. A bacterial mixture was prepared by adding freeze-dried XhE to Bt spores, and the optimal mixture ratio to kill the insects was determined. The formulated bacterial mixture was applied to larvae infesting Welsh onions in a greenhouse and showed enhanced control efficacy compared to Bt alone. The bacterial mixture was also effective in controlling other Spodopteran species such as and but not other insect genera or orders. This suggests that Bt+XhE can effectively control -associated pests by suppressing the immune defenses.