Venugopal Maija-Liisa, Yong Faith R, Krzyzaniak Natalia, La Caze Adam, Freeman Christopher
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Australia.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2022 Oct 13;8:100192. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100192. eCollection 2022 Dec.
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a rapidly growing field which promises to deliver personalized, more effective medications tailored to genetic information. Although the pharmacy profession is expected to lead the translation of pharmacogenomics into widespread clinical implementation, there is a reported lack of preparedness among its members. Assessing pharmacogenomic-related training in Australian pharmacy program curricula may highlight educational gaps and provide guidance for curricula revision.
To examine pharmacogenomic content in Australian tertiary pharmacy program curricula.
We reviewed the curriculum of 22 Australian registrable pharmacy degrees, including 16 Bachelors of Pharmacy programs (with or without honors) and six Masters of Pharmacy programs, for content related to pharmacogenomics and genetics. This was done by screening the publicly available electronic course profiles on each institution's website and searching for key terms such as "pharmacogenomics," "pharmacogenetics," "genes," and "genetics". Three mapping activities were completed to assess the breadth and depth of pharmacogenomic training according to; 1. Bloom's taxonomy, 2. Author-assigned domains comprising; Enabling science, Translational science and Clinical implementation, and 3. Pharmacogenomic competencies from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
A total of 18 (82%) pharmacy registrable degree programs incorporated pharmacogenomics and/or genetics in their curricula. Four programs (18%) offered standalone PGx courses and 10 (45%) contained integrated PGx content in other science-related courses (i.e. pharmaceutical biology, biochemistry, microbiology etc.). Mapping activities showed that most learning objectives related to the "Understand" level of Bloom's taxonomy (61%), the "Basic Genetic Concepts" domain of NHGRI's competencies (64%) and "Enabling science" (84%).
Most Australian pharmacy registrable degrees have incorporated pharmacogenomic content in their curricula however, the scope of training is limited. Revisions to course curricula should be made to incorporate additional education with a focus on application-based training of clinical pharmacogenomics.
药物基因组学（PGx）是一个快速发展的领域，有望提供根据遗传信息定制的个性化、更有效的药物。尽管药学专业有望引领药物基因组学转化为广泛的临床应用，但据报道其成员准备不足。评估澳大利亚药学专业课程中与药物基因组学相关的培训可能会凸显教育差距，并为课程修订提供指导。
研究澳大利亚高等药学专业课程中的药物基因组学内容。
我们审查了22个澳大利亚可注册药学学位的课程，包括16个药学学士学位课程（有或无荣誉学位）和6个药学硕士学位课程，以查找与药物基因组学和遗传学相关的内容。这是通过筛选各机构网站上公开的电子课程简介并搜索“药物基因组学”、“药物遗传学”、“基因”和“遗传学”等关键词来完成的。完成了三项映射活动，以根据以下内容评估药物基因组学培训的广度和深度：1. 布鲁姆分类法；2. 作者指定的领域，包括：基础科学、转化科学和临床应用；3. 国家人类基因组研究所（NHGRI）的药物基因组学能力。
共有18个（82%）可注册药学学位课程在其课程中纳入了药物基因组学和/或遗传学。4个课程（18%）提供独立的PGx课程，10个课程（45%）在其他与科学相关的课程（即药物生物学、生物化学、微生物学等）中包含综合的PGx内容。映射活动表明，大多数学习目标与布鲁姆分类法的“理解”水平（61%）、NHGRI能力的“基本遗传概念”领域（64%）和“基础科学”（84%）相关。
大多数澳大利亚可注册药学学位课程在其课程中纳入了药物基因组学内容，然而，培训范围有限。应修订课程，纳入更多教育内容，并侧重于临床药物基因组学的应用培训。
