The Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Department of School Health, Food Nutrition and Safety, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 10;10:1017046. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017046. eCollection 2022.
Previous studies revealed that maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy was an essential risk factor for offspring developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The impact of paternal smoking exposure 1 year before pregnancy on offspring ADHD risk is still unclear.
The present study included 2,477 school-age children and their parents from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Health Cohort who had complete data for offspring ADHD diagnosis and parents' smoking exposure before and during pregnancy information. A multivariate logistic regression model and Firth's logistic regression model were used to determine the associations of paternal smoking and parental smoke exposure patterns before and during pregnancy with offspring ADHD risk.
Children whose fathers smoked before pregnancy had a higher risk of developing ADHD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-4.98] compared to those whose fathers had never been exposed to smoking. Similarly, parents who were exposed to smoking or second-hand smoke before pregnancy had 1.96 times (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.19-3.22) more likely to have offspring with ADHD. Moreover, children whose parents were exposed to smoking both before and during pregnancy were 2.01 times (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.29-3.12) more likely to develop ADHD.
Paternal smoking before pregnancy and parental smoking exposure 1 year ahead of and throughout pregnancy were all risk factors for offspring developing ADHD.
先前的研究表明，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟是子女患注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的一个重要危险因素。父亲在怀孕前 1 年吸烟对子女患 ADHD 的风险的影响尚不清楚。
本研究纳入了来自上海儿童青少年健康队列的 2477 名学龄儿童及其父母，这些儿童的 ADHD 诊断和父母在怀孕前后吸烟的完整数据。采用多变量逻辑回归模型和 Firth 逻辑回归模型来确定父亲吸烟和父母在怀孕前后吸烟模式与子女患 ADHD 风险之间的关联。
与从未接触过吸烟的父亲相比，父亲在怀孕前吸烟的儿童患 ADHD 的风险更高[比值比（OR）=2.59，95%置信区间（CI）：1.35-4.98]。同样，父母在怀孕前接触过吸烟或二手烟的儿童患 ADHD 的风险是没有接触过吸烟或二手烟的父母的 1.96 倍（OR=1.96，95% CI：1.19-3.22）。此外，父母在怀孕前后都接触过吸烟的儿童患 ADHD 的风险是没有接触过吸烟或二手烟的父母的 2.01 倍（OR=2.01，95% CI：1.29-3.12）。
父亲在怀孕前吸烟和父母在怀孕前 1 年及整个怀孕期间的吸烟暴露都是子女患 ADHD 的危险因素。
