Outer membrane-anchoring enables LpoB to regulate peptidoglycan synthesis rate.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential component of the cell envelope in most bacteria, responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell and protecting the cell from environmental stresses. The growth of the PG layer during cell elongation and division is facilitated by the coordinated activities of PG synthases and hydrolases. PG synthases are regulated from inside the cell by components of the elongasome and divisome complexes driven by the cytoskeletal proteins MreB and FtsZ. In the PG synthases PBP1A and PBP1B require the activation by outer membrane (OM)-anchored lipoproteins LpoA and LpoB, respectively. These have an elongated structure and are capable to span the periplasm to reach their cognate, cytoplasmic membrane (CM)-anchored PG synthase through the PG layer. Presumably, the Lpo proteins activate the PBPs at sites where the PG mesh is stretched or defective, resulting in coupling of PG synthase activation with cell growth or PG repair. Here we investigated the importance of OM-anchoring on the function of Lpo proteins in regulating PG synthesis in response to environmental stresses. We investigated the effects of an artificially CM-tethered LpoB on cell morphology and PG synthesis. Our results indicate that mis-localization of LpoB affects the growth and morphology of cells in high osmolarity growth medium, and PG synthesis rate upon an osmotic upshift.