Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020 Aug;18(8):446-460. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0366-3. Epub 2020 May 18.
Bacteria surround their cell membrane with a net-like peptidoglycan layer, called sacculus, to protect the cell from bursting and maintain its cell shape. Sacculus growth during elongation and cell division is mediated by dynamic and transient multiprotein complexes, the elongasome and divisome, respectively. In this Review we present our current understanding of how peptidoglycan synthases are regulated by multiple and specific interactions with cell morphogenesis proteins that are linked to a dynamic cytoskeletal protein, either the actin-like MreB or the tubulin-like FtsZ. Several peptidoglycan synthases and hydrolases require activation by outer-membrane-anchored lipoproteins. We also discuss how bacteria achieve robust cell wall growth under different conditions and stresses by maintaining multiple peptidoglycan enzymes and regulators as well as different peptidoglycan growth mechanisms, and we present the emerging role of LD-transpeptidases in peptidoglycan remodelling.
细菌用一层网状的肽聚糖层（称为囊泡）包围细胞膜，以防止细胞破裂并维持其细胞形状。囊泡在伸长和细胞分裂过程中的生长分别由动态和瞬时的多蛋白复合物——伸长复合物和分裂复合物来介导。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了目前对于肽聚糖合成酶如何通过与细胞形态发生蛋白的多种特异性相互作用来调节的理解，这些蛋白与动态细胞骨架蛋白（肌动蛋白样 MreB 或微管样 FtsZ）相关。几种肽聚糖合成酶和水解酶需要通过外膜锚定的脂蛋白来激活。我们还讨论了细菌如何通过维持多种肽聚糖酶和调节剂以及不同的肽聚糖生长机制，在不同的条件和压力下实现稳健的细胞壁生长，并介绍了 LD 转肽酶在肽聚糖重塑中的新兴作用。
