Recovery and utilization of crude glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct.

Biodiesel production has increased significantly in the past decade because it has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative and renewable fuel. Consequently, the production of crude glycerol, the main byproduct of the transesterification of lipids to biodiesel, has risen as well. Therefore, the effective recovery and utilization of crude glycerol can provide biodiesel with additional value. In this review, we first summarized the state-of-the-art progress on crude glycerol recovery and purification. Subsequently, numerous approaches have been reviewed for the utilization of crude glycerol, including use as animal feeds, for combustion, anaerobic fermentation, and chemical conversion. Finally, an extensive discussion and outlook is presented in relation to the techniques and processes in the chemical conversion of crude glycerol.