Seasonal dissemination of antibiotic resistome from livestock farms to surrounding soil and air: Bacterial hosts and risks for human exposure.

Feces in livestock farms is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can disseminate into surrounding soil and air, bringing risks to human health. In this study, seasonal dissemination of ARGs in a livestock farm and implications for human exposure was explored. The experimental results showed that ARGs abundance basically ranked as feces > soil > air, and significant seasonal dependence was observed. The total ARGs in pig feces was relatively higher in autumn (10 copies g) and winter (10 copies g), and lower in summer (10 copies g). Similarly, the lowest total ARGs in soil and air were also observed in summer. There were correlations among ARGs, integron intI1, and bacterial community. Total organic carbon was an important factor affecting ARGs distribution in the feces, and pH and moisture content significantly affected soil ARGs. The daily intakes of integron intI1 and ARGs from air were 10° copies h and 10 copies h for human exposure, respectively. Pseudomonas was a potential pathogenic host of bla in feces, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were potential pathogenic hosts of multiple ARGs in soil, while ARGs in air did not migrate into pathogens.