Illi Joël, Bernhard Benedikt, Nguyen Christopher, Pilgrim Thomas, Praz Fabien, Gloeckler Martin, Windecker Stephan, Haeberlin Andreas, Gräni Christoph
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Swiss Med Tech Center, Switzerland Innovation Park Biel/Bienne AG, Biel, Switzerland.
JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022 Apr 6;7(10):1050-1062. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.002. eCollection 2022 Oct.
Translation of imaging into 3-dimensional (3D) printed patient-specific phantoms (3DPSPs) can help visualize complex cardiovascular anatomy and enable tailoring of therapy. The aim of this paper is to review the entire process of phantom production, including imaging, materials, 3D printing technologies, and the validation of 3DPSPs. A systematic review of published research was conducted using Embase and MEDLINE, including studies that investigated 3DPSPs in cardiovascular medicine. Among 2,534 screened papers, 212 fulfilled inclusion criteria and described 3DPSPs as a valuable adjunct for planning and guiding interventions (n = 108 [51%]), simulation of physiological or pathological conditions (n = 19 [9%]), teaching of health care professionals (n = 23 [11%]), patient education (n = 3 [1.4%]), outcome prediction (n = 6 [2.8%]), or other purposes (n = 53 [25%]). The most common imaging modalities to enable 3D printing were cardiac computed tomography (n = 131 [61.8%]) and cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 26 [12.3%]). The printing process was conducted mostly by material jetting (n = 54 [25.5%]) or stereolithography (n = 43 [20.3%]). The 10 largest studies that evaluated the geometric accuracy of 3DPSPs described a mean bias <±1 mm; however, the validation process was very heterogeneous among the studies. Three-dimensional printed patient-specific phantoms are highly accurate, used for teaching, and applied to guide cardiovascular therapy. Systematic comparison of imaging and printing modalities following a standardized validation process is warranted to allow conclusions on the optimal production process of 3DPSPs in the field of cardiovascular medicine.
将影像转化为三维（3D）打印的患者特异性模型（3DPSP）有助于可视化复杂的心血管解剖结构，并实现治疗的个性化定制。本文旨在综述模型制作的全过程，包括成像、材料、3D打印技术以及3DPSP的验证。我们使用Embase和MEDLINE对已发表的研究进行了系统评价，纳入了心血管医学中研究3DPSP的研究。在筛选的2534篇论文中，212篇符合纳入标准，将3DPSP描述为规划和指导干预的有价值辅助手段（n = 108 [51%]）、生理或病理状况模拟（n = 19 [9%]）、医护人员教学（n = 23 [11%]）、患者教育（n = 3 [1.4%]）、结果预测（n = 6 [2.8%]）或其他目的（n = 53 [25%]）。实现3D打印最常用的成像方式是心脏计算机断层扫描（n = 131 [61.8%]）和心脏磁共振成像（n = 26 [12.3%]）。打印过程大多通过材料喷射（n = 54 [25.5%]）或立体光刻（n = 43 [20.3%]）进行。评估3DPSP几何精度的10项最大规模研究描述的平均偏差<±1毫米；然而，各研究之间的验证过程差异很大。三维打印的患者特异性模型高度精确，可用于教学，并应用于指导心血管治疗。有必要按照标准化验证过程对成像和打印方式进行系统比较，以便得出心血管医学领域3DPSP最佳制作过程的结论。
