Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 20;10:1017995. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017995. eCollection 2022.
A thorough and continuous investigation of the association between education and depression in Southeast Asia is critical, particularly in Indonesia, where depression is highly prevalent. Despite this, studies on education and depression mainly use a cross-sectional design alone, which cannot control the bidirectionality of the relationship. Therefore, this study investigated the longitudinal effects of education on depression symptoms, based on nationally representative survey data. This study used as its basis a longitudinal socioeconomic and health survey in Indonesia, the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). The survey collected data through face-to-face interviews with individual respondents and their families. The fourth and fifth waves of IFLS datasets were used in the analysis. A total number of 18,374 adult participants were included in the dataset. Depression symptoms were assessed based on a 10-item version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) Scale. Education level was the highest level of education attained by the participants. A cross-lagged longitudinal model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) or analysis of covariance structure. The results showed that the model of education and depression fits the data well. The fit indices of the model, χ (1, = 18,374) = 21.592, = 0.001, RMSEA = 0.033, CFI =. 0999, fulfilled the requirements for a good fit. Meanwhile, further analysis of the cross-lagged model revealed that education predicted depression and not the other way around. The standardized regression weights showed that higher education attainment reduces the risk of depression later in life. This study asserts that educational attainment has longitudinal effects on depression. Therefore, expanding the policies surrounding educational opportunity may prevent the onset of depression. This is important, especially in the Indonesian context, where the prevalence of depression among adults is higher than the global average. Access to further education deserves continued consideration in research and policy discussions on mental health and educational system development.
对东南亚教育与抑郁之间的关联进行全面和持续的调查至关重要，尤其是在抑郁高发的印度尼西亚。尽管如此，关于教育与抑郁的研究主要仅使用横断面设计，无法控制关系的双向性。因此，本研究基于全国代表性调查数据，探讨了教育对抑郁症状的纵向影响。本研究使用的是印度尼西亚的一项纵向社会经济和健康调查——印度尼西亚家庭生活调查（IFLS）的数据。该调查通过与个人受访者及其家庭的面对面访谈收集数据。分析使用了 IFLS 的第四和第五波数据集。该数据集共纳入了 18374 名成年参与者。抑郁症状通过使用 CES-D（流行病学研究中心抑郁量表）的 10 项版本进行评估。教育程度是参与者所获得的最高教育程度。使用结构方程模型（SEM）或协方差结构分析检验了教育和抑郁的交叉滞后纵向模型。结果表明，教育和抑郁模型与数据拟合良好。模型的拟合指数，χ²（1，n=18374）=21.592，p=0.001，RMSEA=0.033，CFI=.0999，满足了良好拟合的要求。同时，对交叉滞后模型的进一步分析表明，是教育预测了抑郁，而不是相反。标准化回归权重表明，较高的教育程度降低了以后生活中抑郁的风险。本研究认为，教育程度对抑郁具有纵向影响。因此，扩大教育机会的相关政策可能有助于预防抑郁的发生。这一点非常重要，尤其是在印度尼西亚，成年人的抑郁患病率高于全球平均水平。在心理健康和教育系统发展的研究和政策讨论中，应该继续考虑接受进一步教育的机会。
