Centre for Sleep Science, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Sleep. 2023 Jul 11;46(7). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsac267.
Parental warmth in adolescence protects sleep in early adulthood, yet the nature, directions, and mechanisms of this association across adolescence are unknown. This study examined parental warmth, adolescent sleep hygiene and sleep outcomes (morning/eveningness, school night sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness) across five annual waves, spanning four years, using a cross-lagged panel design.
Adolescents and one primary caregiver (96% mothers) completed questionnaires assessing parental warmth (child- and parent-report) and adolescent sleep hygiene and sleep (child-report), across five annual waves: Wave 1 (N = 531, Mage = 11.18, SD = 0.56, 51% male), Wave 2 (N = 504, Mage = 12.19, SD = 0.53, 52% male), Wave 3 (N = 478, Mage = 13.19, SD = 0.53, 52% male), Wave 4 (N = 440, Mage = 14.76, SD = 0.47, 51% male), and Wave 5 (N = 422, Mage = 15.75, SD = 0.49, 51% male).
Greater child-reported parental warmth was indirectly associated with better adolescent sleep (greater morningness, longer school night sleep duration, less sleepiness) through healthier sleep hygiene. The inverse was also often observed. Warmth had a direct relationship with sleep duration and sleepiness, independent of sleep hygiene. Parent-reported parental warmth did not predict, nor was predicted by child-reported adolescent sleep.
Parental warmth may protect against developmental changes in adolescent sleep, partially by improving sleep hygiene practices. Similarly, inadequate adolescent sleep may negatively impact parental warmth via deteriorating sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene emerged as a key mechanism for protecting adolescent sleep and parent-child relationships.
青少年时期父母的温暖可以保护其成年早期的睡眠，但这种关联在青少年时期的性质、方向和机制尚不清楚。本研究使用交叉滞后面板设计，跨越四年，通过五个年度波次，考察了父母的温暖（儿童和家长报告）以及青少年的睡眠卫生和睡眠（儿童报告）与五个年度波次之间的关系。
青少年及其一位主要照顾者（96%为母亲）在五个年度波次中完成了父母温暖（儿童和家长报告）以及青少年睡眠卫生和睡眠（儿童报告）的问卷评估。共涉及五个年度波次：第 1 波（N=531，平均年龄=11.18，标准差=0.56，51%为男性）、第 2 波（N=504，平均年龄=12.19，标准差=0.53，52%为男性）、第 3 波（N=478，平均年龄=13.19，标准差=0.53，52%为男性）、第 4 波（N=440，平均年龄=14.76，标准差=0.47，51%为男性）和第 5 波（N=422，平均年龄=15.75，标准差=0.49，51%为男性）。
儿童报告的父母温暖程度与青少年睡眠健康（表现为更早起、更长的学校夜睡眠时间、更少的困倦）呈正相关，而健康的睡眠卫生是两者的中介因素。反之亦然。温暖与睡眠时间和困倦度呈直接关系，与睡眠卫生无关。家长报告的父母温暖程度既不能预测青少年睡眠，也不能被青少年睡眠所预测。
父母的温暖可能通过改善睡眠卫生习惯来保护青少年的睡眠免受发育变化的影响。同样，青少年睡眠不足可能会通过恶化睡眠卫生而对父母温暖产生负面影响。睡眠卫生是保护青少年睡眠和亲子关系的关键机制。
