Farshbaf Alieh, Lotfi Malihe, Zare Reza, Mohtasham Nooshin
Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Pharmacogenomics J. 2023 May;23(2-3):37-44. doi: 10.1038/s41397-022-00296-2. Epub 2022 Nov 8.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are introduced as the sixth most common cancer in the world. Detection of predictive biomarkers improve early diagnosis and prognosis. Recent cancer researches provide a new avenue for organoids, known as "mini-organs" in a dish, such as patient-derived organoids (PDOs), for cancer modeling. HNSCC burden, heterogeneity, mutations, and organoid give opportunities for the evaluation of drug sensitivity/resistance response according to the unique genetic profile signature. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) nucleases, as an efficient genome engineering technology, can be used for genetic manipulation in three-dimensional (3D) organoids for cancer modeling by targeting oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, single-cell analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) improved understanding of molecular angiogenesis, distance metastasis, and drug screening without the need for tissue biopsy. Organoids allow us to investigate the biopathogenesis of cancer, tumor cell behavior, and drug screening in a living biobank according to the specific genetic profile of patients.
头颈部鳞状细胞癌（HNSCCs）被列为全球第六大常见癌症。预测性生物标志物的检测有助于改善早期诊断和预后。近期的癌症研究为类器官开辟了一条新途径，类器官即在培养皿中的“微型器官”，如患者来源的类器官（PDOs），可用于癌症建模。HNSCC的负担、异质性、突变以及类器官为根据独特的基因特征评估药物敏感性/耐药反应提供了机会。成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）核酸酶作为一种高效的基因组工程技术，可通过靶向癌基因/肿瘤抑制基因，用于三维（3D）类器官的基因操作以进行癌症建模。此外，循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）的单细胞分析有助于在无需组织活检的情况下更好地理解分子血管生成、远处转移和药物筛选。类器官使我们能够根据患者的特定基因特征，在活体生物样本库中研究癌症的生物发病机制、肿瘤细胞行为和药物筛选。
