Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Apr;48(4):3617-3628. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06286-0. Epub 2021 Apr 6.
Odontogenic tumors comprised of complex heterogeneous lesions that diverse from harmatomas to malignant tumors with different behavior and histology. The etiology of odontogenic tumors is not exactly determined and pathologists deal with challenges in diagnosis of odontogenic tumors because they are rare and obtained experiences are difficult to evaluate. In this study, we describe immunohistochemical and molecular markers in diagnosis of odontogenic tumors besides advanced diagnostic technique. Immunohistochemical features of odontogenic tumors beside the clinical features and radiological finding can help us to determine the correct diagnosis. Although these markers are neither specific nor sensitive enough, but analysis of gene expression provides definitive confirmation of diagnosis. In addition, "-omics" technology detected specific molecular alternation associated with etiology such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The post transcriptional events such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling by histone modification affect the changes in epigenome. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs like micro-RNAs, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and small non-coding RNA (snoRNA) play regulatory role and impact odontogenesis. Molecular marker propose their potential role in etiopathogenesis of odontogenic tumors and suitable candidate in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches in addition to patient management. For future evaluations, organoid represents in vitro tumor model-study for tumor behavior, metastasis and invasion, drug screening, immunotherapy, clinical trial, hallmarks association with prognosis and evolution of personalized anti-cancer therapy. Moreover, organoid biobank help us to check genetic profile. We think more investigation and studies are needed to gain these knowledges that can shift therapeutic approaches to target therapy.
牙源性肿瘤由复杂的异质病变组成，从良性肿瘤到恶性肿瘤，其行为和组织学特征各不相同。牙源性肿瘤的病因尚不完全明确，病理学家在诊断牙源性肿瘤时面临挑战，因为它们较为罕见，获得的经验难以评估。在本研究中，我们描述了除先进诊断技术外，用于诊断牙源性肿瘤的免疫组织化学和分子标志物。牙源性肿瘤的免疫组织化学特征，结合临床特征和影像学发现，有助于我们确定正确的诊断。尽管这些标志物既不特异也不敏感，但基因表达分析为诊断提供了明确的确认。此外，“组学”技术检测到与病因相关的特定分子改变，如基因组学、表观基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学。后转录事件，如 DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰引起的染色质重塑，会影响表观基因组的变化。此外，非编码 RNA，如 micro-RNA、长链非编码 RNA（lncRNA）和小核 RNA（snoRNA），发挥着调节作用，并影响牙发生。分子标志物提出了它们在牙源性肿瘤发病机制中的潜在作用，是诊断、预后和治疗方法以及患者管理的合适候选标志物。未来的评估中，类器官代表了体外肿瘤模型研究，可用于研究肿瘤行为、转移和侵袭、药物筛选、免疫治疗、临床试验、与预后相关的特征以及个性化抗癌治疗的演变。此外，类器官生物库有助于我们检查遗传谱。我们认为，需要进行更多的研究和调查，以获得这些知识，从而将治疗方法转向靶向治疗。
