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美国 MIDUS 研究中,受教育程度和收入对感知终身歧视的黑白差异

Black-White differences in perceived lifetime discrimination by education and income in the MIDUS Study in the U.S.

机构信息

Claremont Graduate University, Department of Politics and Government, Claremont, United States.

Gachon University, Korea Inequality Research Lab, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.

出版信息

J Biosoc Sci. 2023 Sep;55(5):795-811. doi: 10.1017/S0021932022000360. Epub 2022 Nov 10.

Abstract

There is growing evidence on the negative effects of perceived discrimination on health outcomes and their interactions with indicators of socioeconomic status. However, less has been studied on whether income and education lead individuals of a different race to encounter different discriminatory experiences in their lifetime. Using data from the national survey of the Midlife Development in the United States-MIDUS 1 (1995-1996) and MIDUS Refresher (2011-2014)-on eight measures of perceived lifetime discrimination, this study compares discriminatory experiences of Black and White persons in two time periods. We applied generalized structural equation models and generalized linear models to test multiplicative effects of income and education by race on lifetime discrimination. In both periods, we find substantive disparities between White and Black people in all types of lifetime discrimination, with Black people reporting much higher levels of discrimination. Such disparities exacerbated in the top cohorts of society, yet these associations have changed in time, with White individuals reporting increasing levels of discrimination. Results show that, for Black people in the mid-1990s, perceived discrimination increased as education and income increased. This finding persisted for education by the early 2010s; income effects changed as now both, low- and high-income Black people, reported the highest levels of discrimination. These findings highlight a policy conundrum, given that increasing income and education represent a desirable course of action to improve overall discrimination and health outcomes. Yet, we show that they may unintendingly exacerbate racial disparities in discrimination. We also show that the U.S. is moving toward a stagnation period in health outcomes improvement, with racial disparities in discrimination shrinking at the expense of a deterioration of whites' lifetime discriminatory experiences. Our results highlight the need for a multi-systems policy approach to prevent all forms of discrimination including those due to historical, institutional, legal, and sociopolitical structures.

摘要

越来越多的证据表明,感知到的歧视对健康结果有负面影响,并且它们与社会经济地位的指标相互作用。然而,对于收入和教育是否会导致不同种族的个体在一生中遭遇不同的歧视经历,研究还较少。本研究使用了来自美国中期生活发展全国调查(MIDUS)1(1995-1996 年)和 MIDUS 刷新调查(2011-2014 年)的数据,这些数据涉及八项感知终生歧视的测量指标,比较了两个时期黑人和白人的歧视经历。我们应用广义结构方程模型和广义线性模型,检验种族收入和教育对终生歧视的乘法效应。在两个时期,我们都发现白人在所有类型的终生歧视方面都与黑人存在实质性差距,黑人报告的歧视程度更高。这些差距在社会的高层群体中加剧,但这些关联随着时间的推移而发生了变化,白人个体报告的歧视程度也在增加。结果表明,在 20 世纪 90 年代中期,黑人的感知歧视随着教育和收入的增加而增加。这种发现持续到 21 世纪 10 年代早期,教育的影响发生了变化,因为现在低收入和高收入的黑人都报告了最高水平的歧视。这些发现突出了一个政策难题,因为增加收入和教育是改善整体歧视和健康结果的理想途径。然而,我们表明,它们可能会无意中加剧歧视方面的种族差距。我们还表明,美国在改善健康结果方面正进入一个停滞期,由于歧视的种族差距缩小,以牺牲白人终生歧视经历的恶化为代价。我们的研究结果强调需要采取多系统政策方法来预防所有形式的歧视,包括由于历史、制度、法律和社会政治结构而产生的歧视。

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