Department of Social Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, SE 11628 Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 23;19(21):13779. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113779.
Assessing risk, planning for safety and security, and aiding recovery for children subjected to violence in a family setting is a complex process. The aim of the article is to synthesize the current research literature about risks for children subjected to violence in the family and outline an empirical base for a holistic and practically usable model of risk assessments placing the individual child at the center. Such assessments need to recognize four different areas of risk: (1) child safety, i.e., known risk factors for severe and dangerous violence aimed at both adults and children and how they play out in the individual case; (2) the child's response in situations with violence; (3) the child's perspective, especially fear and feelings of powerlessness in situations with violence; (4) developmental risks, e.g., instability in the child's situation and care arrangements, lack of a carer/parent as a "secure base" and "safe haven", the child developing difficulties due to the violence (e.g., PTSD), problems in parents' caring capacities in relation to a child with experiences of, and reactions to, violence, and lack of opportunities for the child to make sense of, and create meaning in relation to, experiences of violence. In addition to the four areas of risk, the article emphasizes the importance of assessing the need for immediate intervention and safety planning in the current situation as regards safety, the child's responses, the child's perspectives, and long-term developmental risks.
评估风险、为家庭环境中遭受暴力的儿童规划安全和协助康复是一个复杂的过程。本文的目的是综合目前关于家庭中遭受暴力的儿童风险的研究文献，并概述一个以个体儿童为中心的整体和实用的风险评估模型的实证基础。这种评估需要认识到四个不同的风险领域：（1）儿童安全，即针对成人和儿童的严重和危险暴力的已知风险因素，以及它们在个别情况下的表现；（2）儿童在暴力情况下的反应；（3）儿童的观点，特别是在暴力情况下的恐惧和无力感；（4）发展风险，例如，儿童的情况和照顾安排不稳定，照顾者/父母作为“安全基地”和“安全避难所”的缺失，儿童因暴力而发展困难（例如，创伤后应激障碍），父母在与经历和对暴力的反应有关的孩子的照顾能力方面存在问题，以及孩子缺乏理解和创造与暴力经历相关意义的机会。除了这四个风险领域，本文还强调了评估当前安全状况、儿童反应、儿童观点以及长期发展风险方面的即时干预和安全规划需求的重要性。
