Faculty of Science, Physical Activity and Sports (INEF), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Nutrients. 2022 Nov 7;14(21):4697. doi: 10.3390/nu14214697.
Poor dietary habits and low levels of physical activity (PA) have a strong tendency to track from childhood into adulthood. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is known to be extremely healthy, associated with lower BMI and a lower risk of obesity in children and adolescents. Therefore, adherence to the MD was compared between Spanish ( = 182) and German ( = 152) children aged 10 to 13 years to examine a possible more "westernized" diet in Spain with a non-Mediterranean country, that traditionally prefers a "Western diet" and to determine the association between adherence to the MD and gender, body composition, and PA levels.
In the German observational longitudinal cohort study and the Spanish cohort study, body composition and questionnaires (KIDMED, Diet Quality (IAES)) were obtained, and accelerometers (Actigraph) were applied to detect PA.
Girls had higher BMI-standard deviation score (SDS) than boys and Spanish girls were less active than boys. Differences were detected in MD habits, such as favorable fruit-, vegetables-, fish-intakes, and dairy products in Spanish children and unfavorable consumptions of fast food, processed bakery goods, candies, and sweet beverages in German children. Independently of country, girls, children with lower BMI-SDS and children with higher PA level were related with better diet quality.
Spanish children showed higher adherence to MD and diet quality (IAES) compared to German children, but there was a trend toward a more "westernized" diet. Gender, body composition, and PA influenced nutrition regardless of country.
不良的饮食习惯和低水平的身体活动（PA）从儿童期到成年期都有很强的追踪倾向。众所周知，地中海饮食（MD）非常健康，与儿童和青少年的 BMI 较低和肥胖风险较低有关。因此，比较了西班牙（n=182）和德国（n=152）10 至 13 岁儿童对 MD 的依从性，以检查西班牙可能存在更“西化”的饮食，与传统上更喜欢“西式饮食”的非地中海国家进行比较，并确定 MD 依从性与性别、身体成分和 PA 水平之间的关系。
在德国观察性纵向队列研究和西班牙队列研究中，获得了身体成分和问卷（KIDMED、饮食质量（IAES）），并应用加速度计（Actigraph）检测 PA。
女孩的 BMI 标准差评分（SDS）高于男孩，西班牙女孩比男孩的活动量少。在 MD 习惯方面存在差异，如西班牙儿童摄入更多的水果、蔬菜、鱼类和乳制品，而德国儿童摄入更多的快餐、加工烘焙食品、糖果和甜饮料。无论国家如何，女孩、BMI-SDS 较低的儿童和 PA 水平较高的儿童与更好的饮食质量有关。
与德国儿童相比，西班牙儿童对 MD 和饮食质量（IAES）的依从性更高，但存在更“西化”饮食的趋势。性别、身体成分和 PA 影响营养，无论国家如何。
