Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Dev Biol. 2023 Jan;493:40-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.10.014. Epub 2022 Nov 9.
Many animals depend on the sense of vision for survival. In eumetazoans, vision requires specialized, light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. Light reaches the photoreceptors and triggers the excitation of light-detecting proteins called opsins. Here, we describe the story of visual opsin evolution from the ancestral bilaterian to the extant vertebrate lineages. We explain the mechanisms determining color vision of extant vertebrates, focusing on opsin gene losses, duplications, and the expression regulation of vertebrate opsins. We describe the sequence variation both within and between species that has tweaked the sensitivities of opsin proteins towards different wavelengths of light. We provide an extensive resource of wavelength sensitivities and mutations that have diverged light sensitivity in many vertebrate species and predict how these mutations were accumulated in each lineage based on parsimony. We suggest possible natural and sexual selection mechanisms underlying these spectral differences. Understanding how molecular changes allow for functional adaptation of animals to different environments is a major goal in the field, and therefore identifying mutations affecting vision and their relationship to photic selection pressures is imperative. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of opsin evolution in vertebrates.
许多动物依赖视觉来生存。在真后生动物中，视觉需要专门的、对光敏感的细胞，称为光感受器。光到达光感受器并触发光探测蛋白（称为视蛋白）的激发。在这里，我们描述了从祖后生动物到现存脊椎动物谱系的视觉视蛋白进化的故事。我们解释了决定现存脊椎动物色觉的机制，重点介绍了视蛋白基因的缺失、复制以及脊椎动物视蛋白的表达调控。我们描述了种内和种间的序列变异，这些变异微调了视蛋白蛋白对不同波长光的敏感性。我们提供了广泛的波长敏感性资源，以及在许多脊椎动物物种中导致光敏感性差异的突变，并根据简约性预测了这些突变在每个谱系中是如何积累的。我们提出了潜在的自然和性选择机制，这些机制是造成这些光谱差异的原因。了解分子变化如何使动物适应不同的环境是该领域的主要目标，因此确定影响视觉的突变及其与光选择压力的关系至关重要。本综述的目的是全面概述我们目前对脊椎动物视蛋白进化的理解。
