Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
Small Methods. 2022 Dec;6(12):e2200718. doi: 10.1002/smtd.202200718. Epub 2022 Nov 16.
Despite advancements in cancer immunotherapy, heterogeneity in tumor response impose barriers to successful treatments and accurate prognosis. Effective therapy and early outcome detection are critical as toxicity profiles following immunotherapies can severely affect patients' quality of life. Existing imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or multiplexed imaging, are often used in clinics yet suffer from limitations in the early assessment of immune response. Conventional strategies to validate immune response mainly rely on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and the modified iRECIST for immuno-oncology drug trials. However, accurate monitoring of immunotherapy efficacy is challenging since the response does not always follow conventional RECIST criteria due to delayed and variable kinetics in immunotherapy responses. Engineered nanomaterials for immunotherapy applications have significantly contributed to overcoming these challenges by improving drug delivery and dynamic imaging techniques. This review summarizes challenges in recent immune-modulation approaches and traditional imaging tools, followed by emerging developments in three-in-one nanoimmunotheranostic systems co-opting nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and imaging. In addition, a comprehensive overview of imaging modalities in recent cancer immunotherapy research and a brief outlook on how nanotheranostic platforms can potentially advance to clinical translations for the field of immuno-oncology is presented.
尽管癌症免疫疗法取得了进展，但肿瘤反应的异质性给成功治疗和准确预后带来了障碍。有效的治疗和早期结果检测至关重要，因为免疫疗法后的毒性特征可能严重影响患者的生活质量。现有的成像技术，包括正电子发射断层扫描、计算机断层扫描、磁共振成像或多重成像，常用于临床，但在早期评估免疫反应方面存在局限性。验证免疫反应的常规策略主要依赖于实体瘤反应评估标准（RECIST）和免疫肿瘤学药物试验的改良 iRECIST。然而，由于免疫治疗反应的动力学延迟和变化，治疗效果的准确监测具有挑战性，因为反应并不总是遵循传统的 RECIST 标准。用于免疫治疗应用的工程纳米材料通过改善药物输送和动态成像技术，为克服这些挑战做出了重大贡献。本综述总结了最近免疫调节方法和传统成像工具的挑战，然后介绍了三种一体化纳米免疫治疗诊断系统的新兴发展，该系统结合了纳米技术、免疫治疗和成像。此外，还全面概述了癌症免疫治疗研究中的成像方式，并简要展望了纳米治疗诊断平台如何有可能为免疫肿瘤学领域的临床转化带来进步。
