Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals TCR macrophages in HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

The prognosis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is often better than that of HPV cancer, which is possibly caused by the differences in their immune microenvironments. The contribution of macrophage, as a principal innate immune cell, to this phenomenon is still unclear. In this study, a single-cell atlas of 4,388 high-quality macrophages from 18 HPV and 8 HPV HNSCC patients was constructed with single-cell RNA sequencing data. Eight macrophage subsets were identified from HNSCC, whereas their functional properties and developmental trajectory were delineated based on HPV status. Our results demonstrated that macrophages in HPV HNSCC exhibit stronger phagocytic ability, although the infiltration rate of macrophages decreased. From the results, a unique macrophage subset with TCR and CD3-specific signatures was identified from HPV-related HNSCC. These TCR macrophages potentially participate in the regulation of the TCR signaling pathway and phagocytosis. In conclusion, our results suggested that HPV could affect the infiltration rate, function, and differentiation of macrophages in HNSCC, whereas TCR macrophages play a critical role in the HNSCC microenvironment. These results provide new insights into the immune microenvironment of HNSCC and offer a valuable resource for the understanding of the immune landscape of HPV-related HNSCC, which will in turn help the development of immunotherapy strategies for the disease.