Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
Faculty of Computer Science, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, 94469, Deggendorf, Germany.
Pflugers Arch. 2023 Feb;475(2):153-166. doi: 10.1007/s00424-022-02771-y. Epub 2022 Nov 18.
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are formed by two invaginations of the plasma membrane and can be released by all eukaryotic cells. Because of their bioactive contents, including nucleic acids and proteins, exosomes can activate a variety of functions in their recipient cells. Due to the plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions, exosomes have received a lot of attention from researchers over the past few years. However, there is still no consensus regarding isolation and characterization protocols of exosomes and their subtypes. This heterogeneity poses a lot of methodical challenges but also offers new clinical opportunities simultaneously. So far, exosome-based research is still mostly limited to preclinical experiments and early-stage clinical trials since the translation of experimental findings remains difficult. Exosomes could potentially play an important role as future diagnostic and prognostic agents and might also be part of the development of new treatment strategies. Therefore, they have previously been investigated in a variety of nephrological and urological conditions such as acute kidney injury or prostate cancer.
外泌体是由质膜的两次内陷形成的细胞外囊泡，可由所有真核细胞释放。由于其生物活性物质，包括核酸和蛋白质，外泌体可以激活其受体细胞的多种功能。由于具有多种生理和病理生理功能，外泌体在过去几年受到了研究人员的广泛关注。然而，对于外泌体及其亚型的分离和鉴定方法，目前仍没有共识。这种异质性既带来了很多方法学上的挑战，同时也提供了新的临床机会。到目前为止，基于外泌体的研究仍然主要局限于临床前实验和早期临床试验，因为实验结果的转化仍然很困难。外泌体可能作为未来的诊断和预后标志物发挥重要作用，也可能成为新的治疗策略的一部分。因此，它们已经在多种肾脏和泌尿系统疾病中进行了研究，如急性肾损伤或前列腺癌。
