Adjuvant chemotherapy improves breast cancer survival but is associated with bothersome short- and long-term toxicity. Factors associated with toxicity, especially subacute toxicity up to 2 years following chemotherapy, have not been fully elucidated. The NRG Oncology/NSABP B-30 clinical trial compared 3 different doxorubicin-, cyclophosphamide-, and docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens given over 3-6 months. Patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer received subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy. From baseline through 24 months, 2156 patients completed questionnaires serially. We used multivariable probabilistic index models to identify factors associated with acute (>0-12 months) and subacute (>12-24 months) difficulties with pain, cognition, vasomotor symptoms, and vaginal symptoms. For all symptom domains, presence of symptoms prior to chemotherapy initiation were associated with symptoms in the subacute period (all p < 0.001). In addition, different combinations of patient factors and breast cancer treatments were associated with increased likelihood of pain, vasomotor, and vaginal symptoms in the subacute period. Consideration of pre-treatment symptoms and patient factors, as well as treatments for breast cancer, can facilitate identification of groups of patients that may experience symptoms following completion of chemotherapy. This information may be important for treatment-decision-making when alternative regimens are equivalent in benefit.