Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Germany.
Health Communication, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
Med Decis Making. 2023 Feb;43(2):239-251. doi: 10.1177/0272989X221138111. Epub 2022 Nov 19.
Mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic requires continued uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To increase vaccination intention and uptake, key determinants of primary and booster vaccination need to be understood and potential effects of vaccination policies examined.
Using experimental data collected in Germany in February 2022 ( = 2701), this study investigated 1) predictors of primary and booster vaccination and 2) potential effects of policies combining vaccination mandates and monetary incentives.
Compared with unvaccinated participants, those with primary vaccination were less complacent, more often understood the collective protection afforded by vaccination, and less often endorsed conspiracy-based misinformation. Compared with participants with primary vaccination, boosted individuals were even less complacent, exhibited fewer conspiracy-based beliefs, perceived fewer constraints by prioritizing vaccination over other things, and more often favored compliance with official vaccination recommendations. Support for and reactance about vaccination mandates depended on vaccination status rather than policy characteristics, regardless of mandate type or incentives (up to 500 EUR). While unvaccinated individuals rejected policy provisions and declined vaccination, boosted individuals indicated mid-level support for mandates and showed high vaccination intention. Among vaccinated individuals, higher incentives of up to 2000 EUR had a considerable positive effect on the willingness to get boosted, especially in the absence of a mandate.
While mandates may be needed to increase primary vaccination, our results indicate that financial incentives could be an alternative to promote booster uptake. However, combining both measures for the same target group seems inadvisable in most cases.
Unvaccinated individuals and people with primary and booster vaccinations differ on psychological dimensions, calling for tailored immunization campaigns.Vaccination intentions depend on vaccination status rather than on mandatory or incentivizing policies.Incentives are unlikely to persuade unvaccinated individuals but may increase booster uptake.Positive effects of incentives decrease when vaccination is mandatory, advising against combination.
缓解 COVID-19 大流行需要持续接种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗。为了提高接种意愿和接种率，需要了解初级和加强免疫接种的主要决定因素，并研究接种政策的潜在影响。
本研究利用 2022 年 2 月在德国收集的实验数据（n=2701），调查了 1）初级和加强免疫接种的预测因素，2）结合疫苗接种强制令和货币激励措施的政策的潜在效果。
与未接种者相比，已接种初级疫苗者不那么自满，更经常理解疫苗接种带来的集体保护，较少认同基于阴谋的错误信息。与接种初级疫苗者相比，已加强免疫者更不自满，较少持有基于阴谋的信念，认为在优先接种疫苗而不是其他事情方面受到的限制较少，更经常支持遵守官方的疫苗接种建议。对疫苗接种强制令的支持和抵制取决于接种状况，而不是政策特征，无论强制令类型或激励措施（最高 500 欧元）如何。未接种者拒绝政策规定并拒绝接种疫苗，而加强免疫者表示对强制令的中等程度支持，并表现出较高的接种意愿。在已接种疫苗者中，高达 2000 欧元的较高激励措施对加强免疫的意愿有相当大的积极影响，尤其是在没有强制令的情况下。
虽然强制令可能是提高初级疫苗接种率所必需的，但我们的结果表明，财政激励措施可能是促进加强免疫接种的替代方案。然而，在大多数情况下，将这两种措施针对同一目标群体结合使用是不可取的。
未接种者以及接种初级和加强疫苗者在心理维度上存在差异，需要针对不同人群开展免疫接种宣传活动。接种意愿取决于接种状况，而不是强制或激励政策。激励措施不太可能说服未接种者，但可能会增加加强免疫接种率。当接种是强制性的时，激励措施的积极影响会降低，因此不建议将两者结合使用。
