Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
J Med Philos. 2022 Nov 21;47(5):597-611. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhac018.
Recent debate among bioethicists concerns the potential to enhance human beings' physical or cognitive capacities by means of genetic, pharmacological, cybernetic, or surgical interventions. Between "transhumanists," who argue for unreserved enhancement of human capabilities, and "bioconservatives," who warn against any non-therapeutic manipulation of humanity's natural condition, lie those who support limited forms of enhancement for the sake of individual and collective human flourishing. Many scholars representing these views also share a concern over the status and interests of human beings with various types of cognitive and physical disabilities, some of which may be ameliorable by enhancement interventions. The question addressed in this paper is whether valuing the enhancement of human capabilities may be reconciled with valuing the existence and phenomenological experiences of human beings with various disabilities. Can we value enhanced capabilities without disvaluing those whose capabilities fall below a defined threshold of "normal function"? Furthermore, if certain forms of disability, particularly cognitive disabilities, negatively impact one's flourishing, could the enhancement of one's cognitive capacities through biotechnological means enhance one's flourishing.
最近，生物伦理学家们围绕着通过基因、药理学、控制论或手术干预来增强人类的身体或认知能力的问题展开了激烈的辩论。在支持人类能力无限制增强的“超人类主义者”和反对任何对人类自然状态进行非治疗性操纵的“生物保守主义者”之间，存在着那些支持有限形式的增强以促进个人和集体人类繁荣的人。许多代表这些观点的学者也对各种认知和身体残疾的人类的地位和利益表示关注，其中一些残疾可能可以通过增强干预来改善。本文探讨的问题是，重视增强人类能力是否可以与重视具有各种残疾的人类的存在和现象体验相协调。我们能否在不贬低能力低于“正常功能”定义阈值的人的情况下重视增强能力？此外，如果某些形式的残疾，特别是认知残疾，会对一个人的繁荣产生负面影响，那么通过生物技术手段增强一个人的认知能力是否能增强他的繁荣。
