Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022;25:354-368. doi: 10.18433/jpps33141.
In 2007, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) were introduced as a smoking cessation device. Since then, its sale and marketing has been expanded annually. Concomitantly, there is an increase in the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and liquid nicotine exposure cases reported to the United States (US) poison control centers. The purpose of this review is to assess the exposure cases reported to US poison control centers to characterize the adverse health effects of e-cigarette and liquid nicotine use.
The PubMed database was searched for e-cigarette and e-liquid exposure reports since 2010. The qualitative analysis was conducted to depict the characteristics related to the incident cases and health outcomes of e-cigarette and e-liquid exposure to support public awareness.
Since 2010, there was an increase in e-cigarette exposure incidents with ingestion, inhalation, ocular and dermal identified as the commonly reported routes of exposure in both children and adults. The clinical symptoms were well characterized based upon the specific route of exposure. The exposure incidents were categorized into age, sex, type of exposure, symptoms, management site and medical outcome. The children less than 5 years of age were unintentionally exposed followed by both unintentional and intentional exposure in adults. The reported medical outcomes have a range from minor effects exhibiting symptoms that were not bothersome to major effects with life-threatening symptoms, and death. The short-term or acute exposure was mostly associated with mishandling or misuse of the e-cigarette device or e-liquid. The case reports of young adult males who are linked to intensive use of e-cigarettes show lung injury.
E-liquid and e-cigarette use continue to pose a serious health risk for both adults and children. There is accumulating data of incidents associated with short-term e-cigarette use or intensive use of e-cigarettes. However, monitoring of the long-term health effect of e-cigarettes is needed in order to raise public awareness among young adults.
2007 年，电子烟（e-cigarette）作为一种戒烟装置问世。此后，其销售和营销每年都在扩大。与此同时，向美国（US）中毒控制中心报告的电子烟（e-cigarette）和液体尼古丁暴露病例也有所增加。本综述的目的是评估向美国中毒控制中心报告的暴露病例，以评估电子烟和液体尼古丁使用的不良健康影响。
自 2010 年以来，在 PubMed 数据库中搜索电子烟和电子烟液暴露报告。进行定性分析以描绘与电子烟和电子烟液暴露事件相关的特征以及健康结果，以支持公众意识。
自 2010 年以来，电子烟暴露事件有所增加，摄入、吸入、眼部和皮肤被认为是儿童和成人常见的暴露途径。根据特定的暴露途径，临床症状得到了很好的描述。暴露事件分为年龄、性别、暴露类型、症状、管理地点和医疗结果。5 岁以下的儿童是无意暴露，其次是儿童和成人的无意和有意暴露。报告的医疗结果从表现出不麻烦的轻微症状到有生命威胁的严重症状和死亡不等。短期或急性暴露主要与电子烟装置或电子烟液的误操作或误用有关。与电子烟大量使用有关的年轻成年男性的病例报告显示肺损伤。
液体尼古丁和电子烟的使用继续对成人和儿童造成严重的健康风险。与短期电子烟使用或电子烟密集使用相关的事件数据不断增加。然而，需要监测电子烟的长期健康影响，以提高年轻人的公众意识。
