Rapid capture and killing of bacteria by lyophilized nFeS-Hydrogel for improved healing of infected wounds.

Due to their antibacterial activity, sulfur-containing nanomaterials are increasingly being developed into nanodrugs against bacterial infection. Nano iron sulfide (nFeS) is a new nanomaterial that can convert organic sulfur into inorganic sulfur, which has excellent antibacterial activity. However, the inorganic sulfur produced by nFeS can easily change its form or volatilize in aqueous solution, which may affect the efficacy of nFeS. We propose a new strategy to encapsulate nFeS in a hydrogel to preserve inorganic sulfides, and the macroporous structure of the hydrogel can capture bacteria to increase their interaction with nFeS. The in-depth characterization conducted in this study demonstrate that the water swelling characteristics of the lyophilized nFeS-Hydrogel and the ability to effectively maintain the antibacterial active ingredients in nFeS results in more effective killing of harmful bacteria than pure nFeS, while also prolonging the shelf life of antibacterial activity. We discovered that bacteria exhibit a unique mode of cell death when nFeS contained in hydrogels interacts with the cells by producing hydrogen polysulfanes, which increased intracellular ROS levels and reduced GSH levels. Furthermore, the nFeS-Hydrogel was found to reduce inflammation and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Accordingly, the nFeS-Hydrogel has great application prospects as a fast excipient for clearing infection, reducing inflammation, and accelerating wound healing.