Almassalkhi Mads, Brahma Sarnaduti, Nazir Nawaf, Ossareh Hamid, Racherla Pavan, Kundu Soumya, Nandanoori Sai Pushpak, Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Singhal Ankit, Gayme Dennice, Ji Chengda, Mallada Enrique, Shen Yue, You Pengcheng, Anand Dhananjay
Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Electricity Infrastructure and Buildings Division, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Energies (Basel). 2022;13(23). doi: 10.3390/en13236399.
Renewable portfolio standards are targeting high levels of variable solar photovoltaics (PV) in electric distribution systems, which makes reliability more challenging to maintain for distribution system operators (DSOs). Distributed energy resources (DERs), including smart, connected appliances and PV inverters, represent responsive grid resources that can provide flexibility to support the DSO in actively managing their networks to facilitate reliability under extreme levels of solar PV. This flexibility can also be used to optimize system operations with respect to economic signals from wholesale energy and ancillary service markets. Here, we present a novel hierarchical scheme that actively controls behind-the-meter DERs to reliably manage each unbalanced distribution feeder and exploits the available flexibility to ensure reliable operation and economically optimizes the entire distribution network. Each layer of the scheme employs advanced optimization methods at different timescales to ensure that the system operates within both grid and device limits. The hierarchy is validated in a large-scale realistic simulation based on data from the industry. Simulation results show that coordination of flexibility improves both system reliability and economics, and enables greater penetration of solar PV. Discussion is also provided on the practical viability of the required communications and controls to implement the presented scheme within a large DSO.
可再生能源组合标准的目标是在配电系统中实现高水平的可变太阳能光伏发电（PV），这使得配电系统运营商（DSO）维持可靠性更具挑战性。分布式能源资源（DER），包括智能联网电器和PV逆变器，代表了响应式电网资源，能够提供灵活性，以支持DSO积极管理其网络，从而在太阳能PV处于极端水平时促进可靠性。这种灵活性还可用于根据来自批发能源和辅助服务市场的经济信号优化系统运行。在此，我们提出了一种新颖的分层方案，该方案主动控制表后DER，以可靠地管理每个不平衡的配电馈线，并利用可用的灵活性来确保可靠运行，并在经济上优化整个配电网。该方案的每一层都在不同的时间尺度上采用先进的优化方法，以确保系统在电网和设备限制范围内运行。该分层结构在基于行业数据的大规模实际仿真中得到了验证。仿真结果表明，灵活性的协调提高了系统的可靠性和经济性，并能实现更高的太阳能PV渗透率。还讨论了在大型DSO内实施所提出方案所需通信和控制的实际可行性。
