Department of Psychology, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Clinical Research & Diagnosis Division, SerenaMente Psychology & Consulting Service, Pinto, Madrid, Spain.
PLoS One. 2022 Dec 1;17(12):e0278185. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278185. eCollection 2022.
Attachment is an innate human relational mechanism that develops progressively from early childhood, influences individuals' representations and behaviors, shapes relationships, and affects the social and cultural environment. Parental bonding refers to the ability of parents to be emotionally and behaviorally available to the child during infancy. Attachment style refers to the individual's relational attitude in close relationships that influences adult love, bonding, handling relationships, and social exploration. The role of intergenerational, cultural and developmental factors influencing the relationship between the attachment style in adulthood and the parental bonding style recalled during childhood has been debated. This study explores the relationships between recalled parental bonding, adult attachment style, and cultural background in a sample of Spanish, Italian, and Japanese adults using a cross-sectional and cross-cultural design. For this purpose, the validated versions of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale and the Parental Bonding Instrument were administered to a non-clinical population of three hundred and five participants in the three countries. Results show that the most frequent adult attachment style is the secure style, followed by the dismissing-avoidant, the preoccupied, and the fearful-avoidant style. The dismissing-avoidant style was the most frequent insecure attachment style in the Japanese sample whereas the preoccupied style was the most frequent insecure attachment style in the Italians and Spaniards. Japanese are more anchored to the memory of maternal and paternal overprotection, which is related to more avoidance in actual close relationships. Spaniard's current relationships are mildly independent of recalled parental bonding, showing an association between lower current avoidance to primary parental care. In the Italian sample, there is no significant relationship between current adult close relationships and recalled parental bonding. These results suggest that different cultural models influence adult attachment representations differently, in terms of the weight placed on attachment-related avoidance, attachment-related anxiety, care, and overprotection in infant and adult relationships.
依附是一种天生的人类关系机制，它从儿童早期开始逐步发展，影响个体的表现和行为，塑造关系，并影响社会和文化环境。父母养育方式是指父母在婴儿期对孩子在情感和行为上的可用性。依附风格是指个体在亲密关系中的关系态度，影响着成年人的爱情、结合、处理关系和社会探索。代际、文化和发展因素对成年依附风格与童年时期回忆的父母养育方式之间关系的影响作用一直存在争议。本研究采用横断和跨文化设计，在西班牙、意大利和日本的样本中探索了回忆中的父母养育方式、成人依附风格和文化背景之间的关系。为此，使用经验亲密关系量表和父母养育方式量表的经过验证的版本，对来自这三个国家的三百零五名非临床人群进行了测试。结果表明，最常见的成人依附风格是安全型，其次是回避型、专注型和恐惧回避型。回避型是日本人中最常见的不安全依附风格，而专注型是意大利人和西班牙人中最常见的不安全依附风格。日本人更倾向于回忆母亲和父亲的过度保护，这与他们在实际亲密关系中更回避有关。西班牙人的当前关系与回忆中的父母养育方式几乎没有关系，表现出对主要父母照顾的较低当前回避与相关。在意大利样本中，当前的成人亲密关系与回忆中的父母养育方式之间没有显著关系。这些结果表明，不同的文化模式以不同的方式影响成人依附的表现，体现在对依附相关回避、依附相关焦虑、关怀和过度保护在婴儿和成人关系中的重视程度上。
