Bisphosphonate-loaded bone cement: Background, clinical indications and future perspectives.

Bisphosphonates represent an established treatment against bone resorption and osseous loss. Local application could help increase bone mineral density while minimizing their systemic use side-effects. Bone cement, used on a large scale in orthopedic surgery and a historically successful drug carrier, could represent an effective scaffold. The aim of this review was to investigate the alterations produced on the cement's structure and properties by this mixture, as well as its antiosteoporotic and antitumor effect. After a thorough research of articles, title screening and duplicate removal we retained 51 papers. Two independent authors performed abstract and full-text reading, finally leaving 35 articles included in this review. In the current literature, acrylic and calcium phosphate bone cement have been used as carriers. A combination with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, e.g., zoledronic acid, provokes modifications in terms of setting time prolongation and mechanical strength decline within acceptable levels, on the condition that the drug's quantity stays beneath a certain plateau. Bisphosphonates in bone cement seem to have a powerful anti-osteoclastic and osteogenic local impact as well as a direct cytotoxic effect against several neoplastic lesions. Further investigation on the subject is required, with specifically designed studies focusing on this method's advantages and potential clinical applications.