Gómez-Regalado María Del Carmen, Martín Julia, Santos Juan Luis, Aparicio Irene, Alonso Esteban, Zafra-Gómez Alberto
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Sciences Faculty, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 25;861:160638. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160638. Epub 2022 Dec 5.
There is increasing evidence that the presence of certain pharmaceuticals in the environment leads to biota exposure and constitute a potential risk for ecosystems. Bioaccumulation is an essential focus of risk assessment to evaluate at what degree emerging contaminants are a hazard both to the environment and the individuals that inhabit it. The main goals of the present review are 1) to summarize and describe the research and factors that should be taken into account in the evaluation of bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms; and 2) to provide a database and a critical review of the bioaccumulation/bioconcentration factors (BAF or BCF) of these compounds in organisms of different trophic levels. Most studies fall into one of two categories: laboratory-scale absorption and purification tests or field studies and, to a lesser extent, large-scale, semi-natural system tests. Although in the last 5 years there has been considerable progress in this field, especially in species of fish and molluscs, research is still limited on other aquatic species like crustaceans or algae. This revision includes >230 bioconcentration factors (BCF) and >530 bioaccumulation factors (BAF), determined for 113 pharmaceuticals. The most commonly studied is the antidepressant group, followed by diclofenac and carbamazepine. There is currently no reported accumulation data on certain compounds, such as anti-cancer drugs. BCFs are highly influenced by experimental factors (notably the exposure level, time or temperature). Field BAFs are superior to laboratory BCFs, highlighting the importance of field studies for reliable assessments and in true environmental conditions. BAF data appears to be organ, species and compound-specific. The potential impact on food web transfer is also considered. Among different aquatic species, lower trophic levels and benthic organisms exhibit relatively higher uptake of these compounds.
越来越多的证据表明，环境中某些药物的存在会导致生物群暴露，并对生态系统构成潜在风险。生物累积是风险评估的一个重要重点，用于评估新兴污染物对环境及其栖息个体的危害程度。本综述的主要目标是：1）总结和描述在评估水生生物中药物生物累积时应考虑的研究和因素；2）提供一个数据库，并对这些化合物在不同营养级生物中的生物累积/生物浓缩因子（BAF或BCF）进行批判性综述。大多数研究分为两类：实验室规模的吸收和净化试验或实地研究，以及在较小程度上的大规模半自然系统试验。尽管在过去5年里该领域取得了相当大的进展，特别是在鱼类和软体动物物种方面，但对于甲壳类动物或藻类等其他水生物种的研究仍然有限。本次修订包括为113种药物测定的>230个生物浓缩因子（BCF）和>530个生物累积因子（BAF）。研究最普遍的是抗抑郁药组，其次是双氯芬酸和卡马西平。目前尚无某些化合物（如抗癌药物）的累积数据报告。BCF受实验因素（特别是暴露水平、时间或温度）的影响很大。实地BAF优于实验室BCF，突出了实地研究在可靠评估和真实环境条件下的重要性。BAF数据似乎具有器官、物种和化合物特异性。还考虑了对食物网传递的潜在影响。在不同的水生物种中，较低营养级和底栖生物对这些化合物的吸收相对较高。
