Dolezal Luna
Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Hum Stud. 2022;45(4):739-759. doi: 10.1007/s10746-022-09645-3. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
Experiences of shame are not always discrete, but can be recurrent, persistent or enduring. To use the feminist phenomenologist Sandra Lee Bartky's formulation, shame is not always an acute event, but can become a "pervasive affective attunement" (Bartky, 1990: 85). Instead of experiencing shame as a discrete event with a finite duration, it can be experienced as a persistent, and perhaps, permanent possibility in daily life. This sort of pervasive or persistent shame is commonly referred to as "chronic shame" (Pattison, 2000; Nathanson, 1992; Dolezal, 2015). Chronic shame is frequently associated with political oppression and marginalization. In chronic shame, it is the potentiality of shame, rather than the actuality, that is significant. In other words, the anticipation of shame (whether explicit or implicit) comes to be a defining feature of one's lived experience. Living with chronic shame has important socio-political consequences. Thus far, chronic shame has eluded simple phenomenological analysis, largely because chronic shame often does not have a clear experiential profile: it is frequently characterised by the rather than the of shame. The aim of this article is to provide a phenomenology of chronic shame, drawing from Edmund Husserl's formulation of the 'horizon' as a means a to discuss structural aspects of chronic shame experiences, in particular how chronic shame is characterised by structures of absence and anticipation.
羞耻体验并不总是离散的,而是可能反复出现、持续存在或长久不消。用女性主义现象学家桑德拉·李·巴特基的表述来说,羞耻并不总是一个急性事件,而是可能成为一种“普遍的情感调适”(巴特基,1990:85)。与其将羞耻体验为一个有有限持续时间的离散事件,它可以被体验为日常生活中一种持续的、甚至可能是永久的可能性。这种普遍的或持续的羞耻通常被称为“慢性羞耻”(帕蒂森,2000;内桑森,1992;多莱扎尔,2015)。慢性羞耻常常与政治压迫和边缘化相关联。在慢性羞耻中,重要的是羞耻的可能性,而非其实际发生。换句话说,对羞耻的预期(无论明确与否)成为一个人生活体验的决定性特征。带着慢性羞耻生活会产生重要的社会政治后果。到目前为止,慢性羞耻一直难以进行简单的现象学分析,很大程度上是因为慢性羞耻往往没有清晰的体验轮廓:它常常以羞耻的……而非……为特征。本文的目的是提供一种慢性羞耻的现象学,借鉴埃德蒙德·胡塞尔对“视域”的表述,以此作为一种手段来探讨慢性羞耻体验的结构方面,特别是慢性羞耻如何以缺失和预期的结构为特征。