Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
Environ Res. 2023 Feb 1;218:115012. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115012. Epub 2022 Dec 9.
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a growing concern for the environment and human health. The study investigates 20 commonly reported ECs in 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban to semi-urban settlements of north India over two years in the summer and winter. The selected plants were based on waste stabilization pond (WSP), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), activated sludge process (ASP), anoxic-aerobic process (AO), anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, biodenipho process, sequencing batch reactor, and densadeg-biofor process. Of the 20 ECs, all 20 were identified in the influent and effluent, and 13 were identified in the final sludge on at least one occasion. The concentration in the influent, effluent, and sludge varied in the range from 2.5 ng/L to 77.4 μg/L, below limit of detection (LOD) to 1.984 μg/L, and < LOD to 1.41 μg/g, respectively. Acetaminophen and caffeine were predominately detected in the influent, whereas naproxen, ciprofloxacin, and carbamazepine were predominant in the effluent. The total removal in the plants was found in the range of 40.3-68.6%, mainly attributed to biodegradation/biotransformation. Removal of ECs by WWTPs, ranked by a relative removal criterion, followed the order: Biological nutrient removal based plants > WSP > UASB > densadeg-biofor > AO > ASP > combitreat-SBR. The risk assessment showed the risk to algae from antibiotics and triclosan, daphnia from triclosan, and fish from triclosan and hormones.
新兴污染物 (ECs) 是环境和人类健康的一个日益关注的问题。本研究在印度北部城市到半城市的 10 个污水处理厂 (WWTP) 中，在夏季和冬季的两年时间内，调查了 20 种常见的 ECs。所选的工厂基于废水稳定塘 (WSP)、上流厌氧污泥床 (UASB)、活性污泥工艺 (ASP)、缺氧-好氧工艺 (AO)、厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺、生物脱氮除磷工艺、序批式反应器和 densadeg-biofor 工艺。在 20 种 ECs 中，所有 20 种都在进水和出水以及至少一个场合的最终污泥中被识别。进水、出水和污泥中的浓度范围为 2.5ng/L 至 77.4μg/L、低于检测限 (LOD) 至 1.984μg/L 和 <LOD 至 1.41μg/g。在进水时主要检测到对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因，而在出水时主要检测到萘普生、环丙沙星和卡马西平。在工厂中的总去除率发现范围在 40.3-68.6%，主要归因于生物降解/生物转化。根据相对去除标准，WWTP 对 ECs 的去除率排名如下：基于生物营养去除的工厂 > WSP > UASB > densadeg-biofor > AO > ASP > combitreat-SBR。风险评估显示抗生素和三氯生对藻类、三氯生对水蚤以及三氯生和激素对鱼类有风险。
