Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza (PC), Italy; European Observatory on sustainable agriculture (OPERA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza (PC), Italy.
ARPAE - Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, via Po 5, 40139 Bologna, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Mar 25;866:161171. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161171. Epub 2022 Dec 23.
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] and glufosinate ammonium [ammonium dl-homoalanin-4-(methyl) phosphinate] are broad-spectrum, nonselective, post-emergence herbicides extensively used in various applications for weed control in both agricultural and non-crop areas. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the major degradation product of glyphosate found in plants, water, and soil. Due to glyphosate's presumed low mobility, its monitoring in European water was limited. Recently both glyphosate and AMPA have been detected in several groundwater samples in Europe, U.S, Canada, Argentina, and China. Understanding the sources of these substances in water, especially in groundwater used for drinking, becomes a priority. In the present work the occurrences and the main drives of glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate ammonium in the groundwater of hilly vineyards located in the North-West of Italy were evaluated. Groundwater monitoring results showed frequent detection and concentrations above EQS for glyphosate and AMPA, while glufosinate ammonium was never detected. More frequent occurrences and higher concentrations were detected in the samples collected from wells located in the farmyards, most of them being used for irrigation and/or preparation of PPPs mixtures. Indeed, AMPA was the only compound detected in one groundwater well used for drinking, at values bellow EQSDWQS. Such monitoring results were not expected as the modelling estimations under local pedoclimatic conditions indicated no risk of leaching to groundwater. However, the modelling performance and output may have been influenced by the non-consideration of important specific processes. Integrating monitoring and modelling results with information concerning the agricultural practices adopted and the wells use and location, possible contamination drivers were identified. These include the non-agricultural use of glyphosate in the farmyard, the point source contamination of wells and the possible transport with the subsurface lateral inflow of water from up-hill vineyard. This study strengthens the position of SETAC EMAG-Pest GW group concerning the necessity of spatial and temporal contextualisation of groundwater monitoring for a better understanding of its contamination drivers by PPPs.
草甘膦[N-(膦酸甲基)甘氨酸]和草铵膦铵[铵基 DL-高丙氨酸-4-(甲基)膦酸]是广谱、非选择性、芽后除草剂，广泛应用于农业和非农业地区的杂草控制。氨甲基膦酸 (AMPA) 是植物、水和土壤中发现的草甘膦的主要降解产物。由于草甘膦的迁移性低，因此在欧洲对其进行监测的范围有限。最近，欧洲、美国、加拿大、阿根廷和中国的一些地下水样本中都检测到了草甘膦和 AMPA。了解这些物质在水中的来源，特别是用于饮用水的地下水的来源，成为当务之急。本研究评估了意大利西北部丘陵葡萄园地下水中草甘膦、AMPA 和草铵膦的存在情况及其主要驱动力。地下水监测结果表明，草甘膦和 AMPA 的检出频率高，浓度超过 EQS，而草铵膦从未检出。从位于农场的水井中采集的样本中，草甘膦和 AMPA 的检出频率更高，浓度也更高，这些水井大部分用于灌溉和/或 PPP 混合物的制备。事实上，在一个用于饮用水的地下水中，只检测到了 AMPA，其浓度低于 EQSDWQS。由于根据当地的土壤气候条件进行的建模估计表明，地下水没有受到淋溶的风险，因此这样的监测结果是出乎意料的。然而，建模的性能和输出可能受到未考虑重要特定过程的影响。将监测和建模结果与所采用的农业实践以及水井使用和位置的信息相结合，确定了可能的污染驱动因素。这些因素包括在农场中非农业用途的草甘膦、水井的点源污染以及从山上葡萄园侧向流入的水可能携带污染物。本研究加强了 SETAC EMAG-Pest GW 小组的立场，即需要对地下水进行时空背景化监测，以更好地了解 PPP 对其污染的驱动因素。
