State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Dec 30;20(1):545. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01757-3.
Periodontal tissue is a highly dynamic and frequently stimulated area where homeostasis is easily destroyed, leading to proinflammatory periodontal diseases. Bacteria-bacteria and cell-bacteria interactions play pivotal roles in periodontal homeostasis and disease progression. Several reviews have comprehensively summarized the roles of bacteria and stem cells in periodontal homeostasis. However, they did not describe the roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bacteria and cells. As communication mediators evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to eukaryotic cells, EVs secreted by bacteria or cells can mediate interactions between bacteria and their hosts, thereby offering great promise for the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis. This review offers an overview of EV biogenesis, the effects of EVs on periodontal homeostasis, and recent advances in EV-based periodontal regenerative strategies. Specifically, we document the pathogenic roles of bacteria-derived EVs (BEVs) in periodontal dyshomeostasis, focusing on plaque biofilm formation, immune evasion, inflammatory pathway activation and tissue destruction. Moreover, we summarize recent advancements in cell-derived EVs (CEVs) in periodontal homeostasis, emphasizing the multifunctional biological effects of CEVs on periodontal tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss future challenges and practical perspectives for the clinical translation of EV-based therapies for periodontitis.
牙周组织是一个高度动态和频繁受到刺激的区域，其中的内稳定状态很容易被破坏，导致炎症性牙周病。细菌-细菌和细胞-细菌相互作用在牙周内稳定和疾病进展中起着关键作用。有几篇综述全面总结了细菌和干细胞在牙周内稳定中的作用。然而，它们没有描述细菌和细胞来源的细胞外囊泡（EVs）的作用。作为从细菌到真核细胞进化上保守的通讯介质，细菌或细胞分泌的 EV 可以介导细菌与其宿主之间的相互作用，从而为维持牙周内稳定提供了很大的希望。这篇综述概述了 EV 的生物发生、EV 对牙周内稳定的影响以及基于 EV 的牙周再生策略的最新进展。具体来说，我们记录了细菌衍生的 EV（BEVs）在牙周失调中的致病作用，重点讨论了菌斑生物膜形成、免疫逃逸、炎症途径激活和组织破坏。此外，我们总结了细胞衍生的 EV（CEVs）在牙周内稳定中的最新进展，强调了 CEVs 对牙周组织再生的多功能生物学效应。最后，我们讨论了基于 EV 的疗法在牙周炎的临床转化中的未来挑战和实际前景。
