De Groeve Johannes, Kusumoto Buntarou, Koene Erik, Kissling W Daniel, Seijmonsbergen Arie C, Hoeksema Bert W, Yasuhara Moriaki, Norder Sietze J, Cahyarini Sri Yudawati, van der Geer Alexandra, Meijer Hanneke J M, Kubota Yasuhiro, Rijsdijk Kenneth F
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands.
Biodiversity and Molecular Biology Edmund Mach Foundation Research and Innovation Centre San Michele All'Adige Italy.
Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2022 Nov;31(11):2162-2171. doi: 10.1111/geb.13573. Epub 2022 Aug 14.
Historical changes in sea level caused shifting coastlines that affected the distribution and evolution of marine and terrestrial biota. At the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 26 ka, sea levels were >130 m lower than at present, resulting in seaward-shifted coastlines and shallow shelf seas, with emerging land bridges leading to the isolation of marine biota and the connection of land-bridge islands to the continents. At the end of the last ice age, sea levels started to rise at unprecedented rates, leading to coastal retreat, drowning of land bridges and contraction of island areas. Although a growing number of studies take historical coastline dynamics into consideration, they are mostly based on past global sea-level stands and present-day water depths and neglect the influence of global geophysical changes on historical coastline positions. Here, we present a novel geophysically corrected global historical coastline position raster for the period from 26 ka to the present. This coastline raster allows, for the first time, calculation of global and regional coastline retreat rates and land loss rates. Additionally, we produced, per time step, 53 shelf sea rasters to present shelf sea positions and to calculate the shelf sea expansion rates. These metrics are essential to assess the role of isolation and connectivity in shaping marine and insular biodiversity patterns and evolutionary signatures within species and species assemblages.
The coastline age raster contains cells with ages in thousands of years before present (bp), representing the time since the coastline was positioned in the raster cells, for the period between 26 ka and the present. A total of 53 shelf sea rasters (sea levels <140 m) are presented, showing the extent of land (1), shelf sea (0) and deep sea (NULL) per time step of 0.5 kyr from 26 ka to the present.
The coastline age raster and shelf sea rasters have a global representation. The spatial resolution is scaled to 120 arcsec (0.333° × 0.333°), implying cells of . 3,704 m around the equator, 3,207 m around the tropics (±30°) and 1,853 m in the temperate zone (±60°).
The coastline age raster shows the age of coastline positions since the onset of the LGM 26 ka, with time steps of 0.5 kyr. The 53 shelf sea rasters show, for each time step of 0.5 kyr, the position of the shelf seas (seas shallower than 140 m) and the extent of land.
Both the coastline age raster and the 53 shelf sea rasters are provided as TIFF files with spatial reference system WGS84 (SRID 4326). The values of the coastline age raster per grid cell correspond to the most recent coastline position (in steps of 0.5 kyr). Values range from 0 (0 ka, i.e., present day) to 260 (26 ka) in bins of 5 (0.5 kyr). A value of "no data" is ascribed to pixels that have remained below sea level since 26 ka.
All data processing was done using the R programming language.
海平面的历史变化导致海岸线移动，影响了海洋和陆地生物群的分布与演化。在26千年前的末次盛冰期（LGM）开始时，海平面比现在低超过130米，导致海岸线向海移动，陆架海变浅，出现的陆桥致使海洋生物群隔离，陆桥岛屿与大陆相连。在上一个冰期结束时，海平面开始以前所未有的速度上升，导致海岸线后退，陆桥被淹没，岛屿面积缩小。尽管越来越多的研究考虑了历史海岸线动态，但它们大多基于过去的全球海平面高度和当前水深，而忽略了全球地球物理变化对历史海岸线位置的影响。在此，我们展示了一个从26千年前到现在的经过地球物理校正的全球历史海岸线位置栅格图。这个海岸线栅格图首次实现了全球和区域海岸线后退速率以及陆地损失速率的计算。此外，我们还为每个时间步生成了53个陆架海栅格图，以展示陆架海位置并计算陆架海扩张速率。这些指标对于评估隔离和连通性在塑造海洋和岛屿生物多样性模式以及物种和物种组合内的进化特征方面的作用至关重要。
海岸线年龄栅格图中的单元格包含距今数千年前（bp）的年龄，代表自26千年前至现在海岸线位于栅格单元格中的时间。共展示了53个陆架海栅格图（海平面<140米），显示了从26千年前到现在每0.5千年时间步的陆地（1）、陆架海（0）和深海（无数据）范围。
海岸线年龄栅格图和陆架海栅格图具有全球范围。空间分辨率缩放到120弧秒（0.333°×0.333°），这意味着赤道附近单元格大小为3,704米，热带地区（±30°）为3,207米，温带地区（±60°）为1,853米。
海岸线年龄栅格图显示了自26千年前末次盛冰期开始以来海岸线位置的年龄，时间步长为0.5千年。53个陆架海栅格图为每0.5千年时间步展示了陆架海（深度小于140米的海域）位置和陆地范围。
海岸线年龄栅格图和53个陆架海栅格图均以TIFF文件形式提供，空间参考系统为WGS84（SRID 4326）。每个网格单元格的海岸线年龄栅格图值对应最近的海岸线位置（以0.5千年为步长）。值的范围从0（0千年前，即现今）到260（26千年前），以5（0.5千年）为间隔。自26千年前以来一直低于海平面的像素被赋予“无数据”值。
所有数据处理均使用R编程语言完成。
