School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,Greece.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023 Jan 14;18(2):187-194. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0079. Print 2023 Feb 1.
To investigate whether sleeping activity, hormonal responses, and wellness are altered in elite water polo players during their preparation toward the Tokyo Olympics.
Eight elite-level water polo players participated in 3 consecutive training phases: (1) before the commencement of a residential-based conditioning camp (PRE-CAMP; 3 d), (2) residential-based conditioning camp (5 d), and (3) a congested period of training and competition (POST-CAMP; 8 d). Nocturnal sleep was monitored for 14 consecutive days in PRE-CAMP (2 d), CAMP (5 d), and POST-CAMP (7 d). Postawakening salivary cortisol, immunoglobulin-A, and subjective wellness were measured during PRE-CAMP, CAMP, and POST-CAMP, and internal training/match load (ITL) was calculated daily. The averaged values for dependent variables were compared among training phases and analyzed using linear mixed models.
At CAMP compared with PRE-CAMP, ITL was higher (P < .01), and sleep onset and offset were earlier (P < .01). At this period, sleep interruptions and salivary cortisol were higher (P < .01, d = 1.6, d = 1.9, respectively), and subjective wellness was worsened (P < .01, d = 1.3). At POST-CAMP, the reduction of workload was followed by increased sleep efficiency, reduced sleep interruptions, and moderately affected salivary cortisol, yet overall wellness remained unaltered. In POST-CAMP, 2 of the players demonstrated severe symptoms of illness.
At the highest level of the sport and prior to the Olympics, large increments in workload during a training camp induced meaningful sleep interruptions and salivary cortisol increases, both of which were reversed at POST-CAMP. We suggest that the increased workload alongside the inadequate recovery affects sleep patterns and may increase the risk of infection.
研究在为东京奥运会做准备的过程中，精英水球运动员的睡眠活动、激素反应和健康状况是否会发生变化。
8 名高水平水球运动员参加了 3 个连续的训练阶段：（1）在居住型体能训练营开始之前（PRE-CAMP；3 天），（2）居住型体能训练营期间（5 天），以及（3）密集的训练和比赛期（POST-CAMP；8 天）。在 PRE-CAMP（2 天）、CAMP（5 天）和 POST-CAMP（7 天）期间，连续 14 天监测夜间睡眠。在 PRE-CAMP、CAMP 和 POST-CAMP 期间测量觉醒后唾液皮质醇、免疫球蛋白 A 和主观健康状况，并每天计算内部训练/比赛负荷（ITL）。使用线性混合模型比较各训练阶段的依赖变量平均值，并进行分析。
与 PRE-CAMP 相比，在 CAMP 期间，ITL 更高（P <.01），睡眠起始和结束时间更早（P <.01）。在此期间，睡眠中断和唾液皮质醇更高（P <.01，d = 1.6，d = 1.9），主观健康状况恶化（P <.01，d = 1.3）。在 POST-CAMP 期间，随着工作量的减少，睡眠效率增加，睡眠中断减少，唾液皮质醇受到中度影响，但整体健康状况保持不变。在 POST-CAMP 期间，有 2 名运动员出现严重的疾病症状。
在最高水平的运动和奥运会之前，训练营期间工作量的大幅增加导致了有意义的睡眠中断和唾液皮质醇升高，而这些在 POST-CAMP 期间得到了逆转。我们认为，增加的工作量加上不足的恢复会影响睡眠模式，并可能增加感染的风险。
