Lehmler Hans-Joachim, Simonsen Derek, Garcia Alana Quintero, Irfan Nafis Md, Dean Laura, Wang Hui, von Elsterman Mirko, Li Xueshu
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Hyg Environ Health Adv. 2022 Dec;4. doi: 10.1016/j.heha.2022.100018. Epub 2022 Aug 13.
Pyrethroid insecticides are used, for example, in agriculture, indoor environments, and mosquito control programs, resulting in human exposure. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a nonspecific biomarker for exposure to many pyrethroids. This systematic review identified human biomonitoring studies with 3-PBA that characterize environmental pyrethroid exposures in children and adolescents, pregnant women, and adults or occupational pyrethroid exposures relative to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) populations in the United States (US). PubMed, Embase, and SciFinder were searched for "3-phenoxybenzoic acid ", CAS No. 3739-38-6, and urine or urinary or urine level. Duplicate studies and studies meeting the exclusion criteria were removed from the search results based on predetermined exclusion criteria. This screening process identified 57 papers. Twenty-one, thirteen, twenty-two, and eleven manuscripts reported urinary 3-PBA levels in children, pregnant women, environmentally exposed adults, and occupationally exposed adults, respectively. Median 3-PBA levels ranged from 0.2 to 4.7 μg/g creatinine in children (1999-2016), 0.23-1.55 μg/g creatinine in pregnant women (1997-2014), and 0.11-3.34 μg/g creatinine in environmentally exposed adults (1999-2017). 3-PBA levels in occupationally exposed adults were significantly higher than in environmentally exposed populations, ranging from 0.43 to 14 μg/g creatinine (2004-2017). 3-PBA levels in children and adults from the general North American population increased significantly with the sampling year. A decrease in 3-PBA levels was noted in the adult cohorts from PR China and Japan. 3-PBA levels in most studies appeared to be comparable to levels in the NHANES populations; however, some smaller studies had high pyrethroid exposures. Factors contributing to higher 3-PBA levels in the general population included primarily dietary exposures and residential and agricultural pyrethroid applications. These findings demonstrate that pyrethroid exposures are near-ubiquitous worldwide and, in some regions, appear to increase over time. Thus, exposures to pyrethroid insecticides represent a continuing public health concern.
拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂例如用于农业、室内环境及蚊虫控制项目，从而导致人类接触。尿中3 - 苯氧基苯甲酸（3 - PBA）是接触多种拟除虫菊酯类的非特异性生物标志物。本系统评价确定了有关3 - PBA的人体生物监测研究，这些研究描述了儿童、青少年、孕妇及成人的环境拟除虫菊酯接触情况，或相对于美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）人群的职业拟除虫菊酯接触情况。在PubMed、Embase和SciFinder数据库中检索了“3 - 苯氧基苯甲酸”、化学物质登记号3739 - 38 - 6以及尿液或尿样或尿水平。根据预先设定的排除标准，从检索结果中剔除重复研究及符合排除标准的研究。该筛选过程共识别出57篇论文。分别有21篇、13篇、22篇和11篇手稿报告了儿童、孕妇、环境接触成人及职业接触成人的尿中3 - PBA水平。儿童（1999 - 2016年）尿中3 - PBA水平中位数为0.2至4.7μg/g肌酐，孕妇（1997 - 2014年）为0.23 - 1.55μg/g肌酐，环境接触成人（1999 - 2017年）为0.11 - 3.34μg/g肌酐。职业接触成人的3 - PBA水平显著高于环境接触人群，范围为0.43至14μg/g肌酐（2004 - 2017年）。北美普通人群中儿童和成人的3 - PBA水平随采样年份显著增加。在中国和日本的成人队列中，3 - PBA水平有所下降。大多数研究中的3 - PBA水平似乎与NHANES人群中的水平相当；然而，一些规模较小的研究显示拟除虫菊酯接触水平较高。导致普通人群中3 - PBA水平较高的因素主要包括饮食接触以及住宅和农业中拟除虫菊酯的使用。这些发现表明，拟除虫菊酯接触在全球范围内几乎无处不在，并且在一些地区似乎随时间增加。因此，接触拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂仍是一个持续的公共卫生问题。
