Embryonic toxicity of Imidacloprid: Impact on hatchability, survivability, swimming speed and cardiac function of catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide that belongs to the neonicotinoid class of chemicals that act on the central nervous system of insects. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, chewing insects such as termites, soil insects, and fleas on pets, as well as to treat structures, crops, soil, and seeds. As a result of these factors, this pesticide may end up in the aquatic environment via municipal discharges and runoff. Although the presence of imidacloprid in aquatic environments has been underreported as widespread, the toxic effects of this pesticide may have serious implications on aquatic organisms, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations and demand more attention. Given this knowledge, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of imidacloprid on Clarias gariepinus embryonic development. Clarias gariepinus embryos (3 h post-fertilization) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of imidacloprid (10, 30, 100, and 500 µg/L) until 48 h post-fertilization using a modified fish embryo acute toxicity test (OECD TG 236). A stereomicroscope was used to assess hatchability, deformity, heart rate, and swimming speed as endpoints. According to our results of the developmental acute toxicity test, imidacloprid significantly reduced the hatching rate and heartbeats of C. gariepinus embryos. It also influenced the swimming kinematics of exposed embryos and caused teratogenic effects such as yolk sac rupture, pericardial oedema, lordosis, an abnormally shaped head, and altered epiboly. Our results allow us to conclude that imidacloprid is a toxic pesticide in the early life stages of C. gariepinus due to its high teratogenic potential.