评估活性炭、膨润土和蒙脱石作为黄曲霉毒素吸附剂在巧克力中的有效性。

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Charcoal, , and as Aflatoxin Adsorbents in Chocolate.

机构信息

Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt.

Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt.

出版信息

Toxins (Basel). 2022 Dec 28;15(1):21. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010021.

Abstract

The high incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) in chocolates suggests the necessity to create a practical and cost-effective processing strategy for eliminating mycotoxins. The present study aimed to assess the adsorption abilities of activated charcoal (A. charcoal), yeast (), and the probiotic as AFs adsorbents in three forms-sole, di- and tri-mix-in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) through an in vitro approach, simulated to mimic the conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) based on pH, time and AFs concentration. In addition, the novel fortification of chocolate with A. charcoal, probiotic, and yeast (tri-mix adsorbents) was evaluated for its effects on the sensory properties. Using HPLC, 60 samples of dark, milk, bitter, couverture, powder, and wafer chocolates were examined for the presence of AFs. Results showed that all the examined samples contained AFs, with maximum concentrations of 2.32, 1.81, and 1.66 µg/kg for powder, milk, and dark chocolates, respectively. The combined treatment demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency (96.8%) among all tested compounds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the tested adsorbents to be effective AF-binding agents. Moreover, the novel combination of tri-mix fortified chocolate had a minor cytotoxicity impact on the adsorptive abilities, with the highest binding at pH 6.8 for 4 h, in addition to inducing an insignificant effect on the sensory attributes of dark chocolate. Tri-mix is thus recommended in the manufacturing of dark chocolate in order to enhance the safety of the newly developed product.

摘要

黄曲霉毒素(AFs)在巧克力中的高发生率表明,有必要制定一种实用且具有成本效益的加工策略来消除真菌毒素。本研究旨在评估活性炭(A. charcoal)、酵母()和益生菌在三种形式-单一、二和三混合-在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中的吸附能力,通过体外方法评估,模拟基于 pH 值、时间和 AFs 浓度的胃肠道(GIT)中存在的条件。此外,还评估了新型巧克力中活性炭、益生菌和酵母(三混合吸附剂)的强化对感官特性的影响。使用 HPLC 检测了 60 个黑巧克力、牛奶巧克力、苦巧克力、果仁巧克力、可可粉和威化巧克力样本,以检测 AFs 的存在。结果表明,所有检测的样本均含有 AFs,可可粉、牛奶巧克力和黑巧克力的最高浓度分别为 2.32、1.81 和 1.66 µg/kg。联合处理在所有测试化合物中表现出最高的吸附效率(96.8%)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,所测试的吸附剂是有效的 AF 结合剂。此外,新型三混合强化巧克力对吸附能力的细胞毒性影响较小,在 pH 值为 6.8 时结合效果最佳,持续 4 小时,并且对黑巧克力的感官特性只有轻微影响。因此,建议在黑巧克力的生产中使用三混合,以提高新产品的安全性。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9208/9863511/57453e5fe11c/toxins-15-00021-g001.jpg

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