Subedi Madhav, Ghimire Bikash, Bagwell John White, Buck James W, Mergoum Mohamed
Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States.
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States.
Front Genet. 2023 Jan 5;13:1032601. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1032601. eCollection 2022.
Wheat is the most important source of food, feed, and nutrition for humans and livestock around the world. The expanding population has increasing demands for various wheat products with different quality attributes requiring the development of wheat cultivars that fulfills specific demands of end-users including millers and bakers in the international market. Therefore, wheat breeding programs continually strive to meet these quality standards by screening their improved breeding lines every year. However, the direct measurement of various end-use quality traits such as milling and baking qualities requires a large quantity of grain, traits-specific expensive instruments, time, and an expert workforce which limits the screening process. With the advancement of sequencing technologies, the study of the entire plant genome is possible, and genetic mapping techniques such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies have enabled researchers to identify loci/genes associated with various end-use quality traits in wheat. Modern breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection and genomic selection allow the utilization of these genomic resources for the prediction of quality attributes with high accuracy and efficiency which speeds up crop improvement and cultivar development endeavors. In addition, the candidate gene approach through functional as well as comparative genomics has facilitated the translation of the genomic information from several crop species including wild relatives to wheat. This review discusses the various end-use quality traits of wheat, their genetic control mechanisms, the use of genetics and genomics approaches for their improvement, and future challenges and opportunities for wheat breeding.
小麦是全球人类和牲畜最重要的食物、饲料及营养来源。不断增长的人口对具有不同品质特性的各类小麦产品需求日益增加,这就需要培育出能满足包括国际市场上的面粉厂和面包店等终端用户特定需求的小麦品种。因此,小麦育种项目每年都通过筛选改良育种系来不断努力达到这些品质标准。然而,对诸如制粉和烘焙品质等各种最终用途品质性状进行直接测量需要大量谷物、特定性状的昂贵仪器、时间以及专业的工作人员,这限制了筛选过程。随着测序技术的进步,对整个植物基因组进行研究成为可能,数量性状位点定位和全基因组关联研究等遗传图谱技术使研究人员能够在小麦中鉴定出与各种最终用途品质性状相关的位点/基因。标记辅助选择和基因组选择等现代育种技术能够利用这些基因组资源高精度、高效率地预测品质特性,从而加快作物改良和品种培育工作。此外,通过功能基因组学和比较基因组学的候选基因方法,促进了包括野生近缘种在内的多种作物基因组信息向小麦的转化。本文综述讨论了小麦的各种最终用途品质性状、其遗传控制机制、利用遗传学和基因组学方法对其进行改良,以及小麦育种未来面临的挑战和机遇。