Miranda-Cortés Agatha, Mota-Rojas Daniel, Crosignani-Outeda Nadia, Casas-Alvarado Alejandro, Martínez-Burnes Julio, Olmos-Hernández Adriana, Mora-Medina Patricia, Verduzco-Mendoza Antonio, Hernández-Ávalos Ismael
Department of Biological Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, Mexico City, Mexico.
Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Jan 4;9:1050884. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1050884. eCollection 2022.
The use of cannabinoids in both veterinary and human medicine is controversial for legal and ethical reasons. Nonetheless, the availability and therapeutic use of naturally occurring or synthetic phytocannabinoids, such as Δ-tetrahydrocannabidiol and cannabidiol, have been the focus of attention in studies regarding their medical uses. This review aims to examine the role of cannabinoids in pain modulation by analyzing scientific findings regarding the signaling pathways of the endocannabinoid system and discussing the analgesic effects of synthetic cannabinoids compared to cannabinoid extracts and the extent and involvement of their receptors. In animals, studies have shown the analgesic properties of these substances and the role of the cannabinoid binding -1 (CB1) and cannabinoid binding -2 (CB2) receptors in the endocannabinoid system to modulate acute, chronic and neuropathic pain. This system consists of three main components: endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), G protein-coupled receptors and enzymes that degrade and recycle the ligands. Evidence suggests that their interaction with CB1 receptors inhibits signaling in pain pathways and causes psychoactive effects. On the other hand, CB2 receptors are associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic reactions and effects on the immune system. Cannabis extracts and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic tool that contributes to compassionate pain care and participates in its multimodal management. However, the endocannabinoid system interacts with different endogenous ligands and neurotransmitters, thus offering other therapeutic possibilities in dogs and cats, such is the case of those patients who suffer from seizures or epilepsy, contact and atopic dermatitis, degenerative myelopathies, asthma, diabetes and glaucoma, among other inflammatory diseases. Moreover, these compounds have been shown to possess antineoplastic, appetite-stimulating, and antiemetic properties. Ultimately, the study of the endocannabinoid system, its ligands, receptors, mechanism of action, and signaling, has contributed to the development of research that shows that hemp-derived and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic alternative in the multimodal management of pain in dogs and cats due to their ability to prevent peripheral and central sensitization.
由于法律和伦理原因，大麻素在兽医学和人类医学中的使用存在争议。尽管如此，天然存在的或合成的植物大麻素，如Δ-四氢大麻二酚和大麻二酚的可得性及其治疗用途，一直是关于其医学用途研究的关注焦点。本综述旨在通过分析有关内源性大麻素系统信号通路的科学发现，并讨论合成大麻素与大麻素提取物相比的镇痛作用及其受体的程度和参与情况，来研究大麻素在疼痛调节中的作用。在动物研究中，已表明这些物质的镇痛特性以及内源性大麻素系统中大麻素受体-1（CB1）和大麻素受体-2（CB2）在调节急性、慢性和神经性疼痛中的作用。该系统由三个主要成分组成：内源性配体（花生四烯乙醇胺和2-花生四烯酸甘油）、G蛋白偶联受体以及降解和循环利用这些配体的酶。有证据表明，它们与CB1受体的相互作用会抑制疼痛通路中的信号传导并产生精神活性作用。另一方面，CB2受体与抗炎、镇痛反应以及对免疫系统的作用有关。大麻提取物及其合成衍生物是一种有效的治疗工具，有助于提供同情性疼痛护理并参与其多模式管理。然而，内源性大麻素系统与不同的内源性配体和神经递质相互作用，从而在犬猫中提供了其他治疗可能性，例如患有癫痫或惊厥、接触性皮炎和特应性皮炎、退行性脊髓病、哮喘、糖尿病和青光眼等其他炎症性疾病的患者。此外，这些化合物已被证明具有抗肿瘤、刺激食欲和止吐特性。最终，对内源性大麻素系统及其配体、受体、作用机制和信号传导的研究，推动了相关研究的发展，这些研究表明，大麻衍生产品及其合成衍生物因其能够预防外周和中枢敏化，是犬猫疼痛多模式管理中的一种有效治疗选择。
