Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2023 Mar 1;134(3):596-609. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2022. Epub 2023 Jan 26.
This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with superimposed blood flow restriction in males and females. Twenty-four, healthy individuals ( = 12 females) completed two cycling HIIT protocols to task failure (1-min work phases at 90% of peak power output interspersed by 1-min rest phases). The blood flow restriction (BFR) and control (CON) protocols were identical except for the presence and absence of BFR during rest phases, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extension (MVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every six intervals, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every three intervals and continuously during exercise, respectively. Bayesian inference was used to obtain the joint posterior distribution for all parameters and evidence of an effect was determined via the marginal posterior probability (PP). The BFR shortened task duration by 57.3% compared with CON (PP > 0.99), without a sex difference. The application of BFR exacerbated the rate of decline in neuromuscular measures (MVC and twitch force output), increase of perceptual responses (perceived effort, pain, dyspnea, fatigue), and development of cardiorespiratory parameters (minute ventilation and heart rate), compared with CON (PP > 0.95). In addition, BFR exacerbated the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to a greater extent in females than males (PP > 0.99). Our results suggest that superimposition of blood flow restriction exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a HIIT protocol to a greater extent in females than males. To our knowledge, no study has explored sex differences in the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory indices characterizing exercise tolerance during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) applied only during rest periods. Our results suggest that BFR elicited a decline in exercise performance that could be attributed to integration of psychophysiological responses. However, this integration was sex-dependent where females demonstrated an exacerbated rate of change in these responses compared with males.
本研究旨在描述男性和女性在高强度间歇训练（HIIT）中叠加血流限制时的神经肌肉、感知和心肺反应。24 名健康个体（= 12 名女性）完成了两个自行车 HIIT 协议，直至任务失败（90%峰值功率输出的 1 分钟工作阶段，间隔 1 分钟休息阶段）。血流限制（BFR）和对照（CON）方案完全相同，只是在休息阶段分别存在和不存在 BFR。在基线、每六次间隔和任务失败时进行了包括最大自主等长膝关节伸展（MVC）和股神经电刺激的插值抽搐技术。感知和心肺反应分别在每三次间隔和运动期间连续记录。贝叶斯推理用于获得所有参数的联合后验分布，并通过边际后验概率（PP）确定效应的证据。与 CON 相比，BFR 将任务持续时间缩短了 57.3%（PP > 0.99），且没有性别差异。与 CON 相比，BFR 加剧了神经肌肉测量值（MVC 和抽搐力输出）的下降速度、感知反应（感知用力、疼痛、呼吸困难、疲劳）和心肺参数（分钟通气量和心率）的增加（PP > 0.95）。此外，与男性相比，BFR 使女性的神经肌肉、感知和心肺反应更为加剧（PP > 0.99）。我们的结果表明，与男性相比，血流限制的叠加在女性中更剧烈地加剧了高强度间歇训练（HIIT）方案的心理生理反应。据我们所知，没有研究探讨在仅在休息期间施加血流限制的高强度间歇训练（BFR）期间，描述运动耐量的神经肌肉、感知和心肺指数的性别差异。我们的结果表明，BFR 引起运动表现下降，这可能归因于心理生理反应的整合。然而，这种整合是性别依赖性的，女性在这些反应中表现出比男性更剧烈的变化率。
