Advances in Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization of Archaeosomes from Polar Lipids of K1 and Stability in Biological Systems.

Archaeosomes are vesicles made from archaeal lipids. They are characterized by remarkable thermostability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, long-term stability, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review the current status of physicochemical properties of archaeal lipids and their stability in biological systems is presented, focusing on total polar lipids from K1. The isolated total polar lipids from K1 consist exclusively of glycerol ether lipids with isoprenoid groups attached to glycerol via ether linkages. More specifically, the two major polar lipids extracted from the membranes are C-achaetidyl(glucosyl)inositol and C-achaetidylinositol. An overview of the results of the effects of temperature and pH on the stability, structural organization, fluidity, and permeability of archaeosomes composed of pure C was examined by a combination of techniques, including fluorescence emission spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal microscopy. We also compared the physicochemical properties of pure vesicles composed of either archaeal lipids or conventional lipids (e.g., 1,2-dipalmitoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine) with mixed vesicles composed of both lipid types. Archaeal lipids are discussed in terms of their potential use as a targeted drug delivery system based on the results of and cytotoxicity studies.