Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2023;2616:441-451. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_31.
Cigarette smoking is a major prodromal factor for the onset of many adverse health effects that may occur in the short run and is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Moreover, it is well established that chronic smoking is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in a causative and dose-dependent manner primarily related to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotine, and the induction of oxidative stress (OS)-driven inflammation. Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid ingredient used in e-cigarettes) can also cause OS, exacerbating cerebral ischemia and secondary brain injury. Likewise, chronic e-Cig vaping could be prodromal to cerebrovascular impairment and promote cerebrovascular conditions favoring stroke onset and worsening post-ischemic brain injury. Therefore, using mouse models is crucial to understand how xenobiotics such as those released by conventional and/or e-cigs can impact the onset and severity of stroke as well as post-stroke recovery. To appropriately model human-like smoking/vaping behavior in mice, however, the exposure to these xenobiotics must be standardized and undertaken in a controlled environment. This chapter describes a well-validated protocol to reproduce standardized chronic tobacco smoke or e-cigarette vape exposure in mice in the setting of a mouse transient ischemic stroke model.
吸烟是许多不良健康影响的主要前驱因素，这些影响可能在短期内发生，是美国可预防疾病、残疾和死亡的主要原因。此外，已经充分证实，慢性吸烟与血管内皮功能障碍有关，这种功能障碍具有因果关系和剂量依赖性，主要与活性氧（ROS）、尼古丁的释放以及氧化应激（OS）驱动的炎症有关。临床前研究还表明，尼古丁（电子烟中使用的主要电子烟液成分）也会引起 OS，从而加重脑缺血和继发性脑损伤。同样，慢性电子香烟蒸气吸入可能是脑血管损伤的前驱因素，并促进有利于中风发作和加重缺血后脑损伤的脑血管状况。因此，使用小鼠模型对于了解诸如常规香烟和/或电子烟释放的外来物质如何影响中风的发生和严重程度以及中风后的恢复至关重要。然而，为了在小鼠中适当模拟类似人类的吸烟/蒸气吸入行为，必须对这些外来物质进行标准化处理，并在受控环境中进行。本章描述了一种经过充分验证的方案，可在小鼠短暂性脑缺血模型中重现标准化的慢性烟草烟雾或电子烟蒸气暴露。
